' H I {[:•• ;. 10! • !»ti ! li;: .-. A MONOGKAPH ORIENTAL GIGADIDM BY W. L. DISTANT FELLOW OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIF.TIES OF LONDON, BELGIUM, FKAKCE, AND STOCKHOLM ; AUTHOR OF 'RHOPALOCERA MALAYANA,' 'A NATURALIST IN THE TRANSVAAL,' 4c. WITH FIFTEEN PLATES, AND WOODCUTS. fcj? ©rtfcr of ttjt of tfjc Entrfan dftlngeu Calcutta* Landor despised Entomology, yet, in the same breath, said, "the sublime was in a grain of dust." — EMEBSON, 'English Tru • LONDON :— FEINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO. AND SOLD BY LONDON :— H. S. KING & CO., 65, COKNHILL : AND E. W. JANSON, 85, LITTLE RUSSELL ST., BLOOMSBUKY. CALCUTTA :— AT THE INDIAN MUSEUM ; AND THACKER, SPINK & CO. BERLIN:— R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN. 1889 — 1892. tlje Ittcmartr of E, T. ATKINSON, B.A., ACCOUNTANT-GENERAL, OF 11ENOAL ; I'ltKSIllEXT OF THE BOARD OF TKUSTKES OF THE INDIAN MUSEOM, OAI.CCTTA J AUTHOR OF MANY PAPKHS OX IXIIIAN 1U1YXC1IOTA; AND promoter of tltc Jhtbliciittoit of this ^H I DEDICATE THE SAME. PREFACE. AT the request and by the liberal enterprise of the Trustees of the Indian Museum- much influenced by my late friend Mr. E. T. Atkinson — I have in the following pages attempted the monographic revision and description of the Oriental species of the Homopterous Family Cicadidse. The limits of the fauna thus studied have already been denned at page 2, and over this large area our knowledge of such a little-collected family as the Cicadidae must necessarily be fragmentary and of a very unequal character. Nevertheless I have been able to study a very great deal of the material which already exists. The fine collection of these insects belonging to the Indian Museum at Calcutta has passed through rny hands, and I have examined all the specimens in the collection of the late Mr. E. T. Atkinson. I have also had submitted to me for identification the whole of the Oriental species in the Brussels Museum;*- the Celebesian specimens collected by Dr. Meyer, and now in the Dresden Museum; the very fine material in the Genoa Museum,! including the collection made by Fea in Tenasserim and Upper Burma, by Beccari in several islands of the Malayan Archipelago, and by D'Albertis in New Guinea ; the rich Cicadan possessions in the Leyden Museum, J including the captures made in Java and Sumatra by Hagen, Van Lansberg, and the Sumatran Expedition, have been placed at my disposal to aid this work ; §and I have also had a loan of the private collections of the late Dr. Signoret, Mr. F. Moore, and Mr. F. Pascoe. I have naturally had ready access to the British Museum, without which nothing could have been attempted in the unravelling of the types made by the late F. Walker, and our national collection is not only rich in Indian species, but contains nearly all the Cicadan results of Mr. Wallace's memorable visit to the Malayan Archipelago. My own collection includes the captures made by Dr. Leith in Bombay, A. W. Chennell in Assam, G. T. Hampson in the Neelgiri Hills, myself in the Malay Peninsula, H. 0. Forbes in Java and Sumatra, Carl Bock in Sumatra and Borneo, Baron Von Hugel in Java, W. Doherty in Assam, Burma, Perak, Borneo, and the eastern islands of the Archipelago, J. Whitehead on the Kica Balu Mt.. Capt. Bingham in Burma, Geo. Lewis and H. J. S. Pryer in Japan, W. B. Pryer in North * For which I was indebted to M. Preudhomme de Borre. f Through the kindness of the Marquis Doria and Dr. Gestro. I I cannot help recording, and with scientific appreciation and gratitude, tlje facilities I have been afforded by Continental Museums, to improve this and other works I have been engaged on, by the loan of specimens, always cheerfully and readily granted. I cannot give Continental workers the assurance of similar assistance from our National Institution, for by the rules of the British Museum, a specimen once deposited there never leaves the portals of ita zealously-guarded doors. § By the good offices of Dr. C. Eitsema. 6 vi PREFACE. Borneo, and part of the collection made by A. E. Pratt in China.* I have also been allowed to see most of Still's Philippine and Indian types in the Stockholm Museum. f Referring to my own unpublished Catalogue, about 82 genera, and 720]: species of Cicadidae are now known to Science, and of these I have been able to include 34 genera and 268 species in this fauna, a doubtless insufficient number for many parts of the area, especially for China and New Guinea, though we may consider our knowledge of the genera and species found in Continental India as much more satisfactory. Of the life-histories of these interesting insects we can only glean scattered records. At page 1, reference has been made to most of the published information respecting the structural details of the wonderful sound-producing organs of the males. The volume of sound emitted by these organs has impressed travellers and naturalists in all parts of the world, and we meet with many references to it in zoological literature and in works of travel and adventure. The time of day when the males give forth their shrill and unmelodious sounds probably varies with different species and in different localities. In Nicaragua, Belt " found them loudest towards sunset, keeping up their shrill music until it is taken up by night-vocal crickets and locusts." § In Australia, " during rain, these insects are silent ; but re-commence their clamour on the re-appearance of fine weather." || In South Brazil, Bigg- Wither, referring to a dominant species, states that he does not remember ever hearing " its shrill whistle excepting during the three months of September, October, and November. "IT In the Transvaal, according to my own experience, Platypleura divisa has an equally restricted time of appearance and song, commencing in November, after the arrival of the rains. In the North of Italy, Swinton noticed that the males of Cicada plebeja and Tibicen hcematodes " sing on the summit of brushwood at an elevation varying from ten to twelve feet," while Tettigia orni " will ascend the poplar trunks to a much greater height" for the same purpose.** In Brazil, Mr. Jones describes a species as making a noise equal to the whistle of a locomotive. " Indeed so remarkable is the resemblance that once or twice since I have returned to England I have suddenly been recalled to the tropical groves by the sound of an extra shrill railway whistle at a distance." ft Perhaps the most picturesque description of this sound is given by Prof. McCoy, referring to an Australian species, Psaltoda mcerens. It is described as producing " almost a deafening sound from the numbers of the individuals in the hottest days, and the loudness of their noise ; which beginning with a prolonged high-toned whir like that of a knife-grinder, or the letter R loudly prolonged in a high pitch, continued 'for a minute or two, breaks into a series of diminuendo 'squawks,' like that of a frightened duck in a farm-yard, loud enough to be heard some hundred yards off, and stunning our ears with the shrilling and squalling. This kept up with ' damnable iteration,' as Falstaff says, by hundreds of individuals all day long, would tax the patience of a saint, if such existed in Australia." || The Cicadan song is clearly of a sexual nature, the sound-producing organs being only * Presented to me by Mr. J. H. Leech, the promoter of the expedition. f By the favour of Dr. C. Aurivillius. I This does not include the whole of Walker's descriptions, and leaves a few yet undetermined to be of synonymic or specific value. The tabulation, however, may be taken as approximately correct. § 'The Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 312. || Bennett, 'Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 237. IT ' Pioneering in South Brazil,' vol. i. p. 297. ' Insect Variety,' p. 222. ft 'Yorkshire Naturalist' (2), ix. pp. 129-30 (1884). JJ 'Prodromus Zoology— Victoria,' v. pp. 53, 54 (Dec., 1880). PREFACE. vii developed in the male sex. A recent writer has affirmed that the song of the Cicada is appreciated by other orders of insects. According to this observer — wliose name is not mentioned by the narrator — in Natal, when a species is singing its loudest, it is often surrounded by numbers of a lace-wing fly" (Nothochrysa gigantea).* The song is suspended when the insect is alarmed, as in the Transvaal, where, when a tree has almost vibrated with the screeching noise, I have produced complete silence by standing amidst its branches. We know nothing of the mental concepts of these beautiful insects. The writer is not a Cartesian, and does not estimate even the Cicaclidag as living automata. The "life-histories" of insects may include their embryological stages, with an exhaustive knowledge of tin ir structure, their classification in zoological sequence, their geographical distribution, the protective or mimetic resemblances by which they often survive the terrors of a struggle for existence, their duration and habits of life, their food and times of appearance, and yet, little as this knowledge can be said to exist regarding many insects, the veil is no more lifted which hides their — probably limited — thoughts and feelings, than those of the inhabitants of a Kafir kraal are known to the vulture soaring above them. The psychology of insects is practically undreamed in the philosophy of entomologists. If, as has been truly remarked, with ears sufficiently attuned and capable, we might hear the roar of the atoms which environ us, how much more might we long to have a sympathetic insight into the ideas, fears, and concepts of the living mass of creatures of which we form so small a part.f I have recently hazarded the opinion, though upon very limited observation, that at least a species of African Platijpkura may pair for life in the mature development. J If reason and intelligence are, and must be, allowed to ants, termites, bees, and even wasps and spiders, surely it is only our ignorance that prevents the recognition of some form of the same qualities in the Cicadidae. Although Entomology has made such strides, and so many thousands of insects are now fully described, catalogued, and often figured, yet to their inner lives we are "strangers yet." The Cicadidae appear to be one of the most non-protected family of insects, and are the victims of most predacious creatures. The instances that can be quoted probably only give an idea of the way their numbers are thinned by numerous enemies, while the list of those enemies is at present very incompletely known. § They probably largely fall a prey to birds. In Nicaragua, Belt has described how during April, when the Cicadas are particularly plentiful, * ' Nature Notes,' August, 1891. t Dr. Mivart has lately re-affirmed his belief that the psychical powers of brutes are limited to sense perception , and give no evidence of the possession of the higher faculties of ideation and conception ('Essays and Criticisms') ; but the proof is absent, and though reasonable the statement does not carry more conviction than some theological propositions. On the other hand, Count Goblet d'Alviella truly remarks, when discussing the question of ' Religion in Animals ' : — " A century ago such a question would only have provoked a smile ; but now that we have accustomed ourselves to search in the lowest strata of animal life for the antecedents of physiological and intellectual characteristics which only receive their full expression in the best-endowed representatives of human culture, it is no longer possible to dismiss the question of the religion of animals in this summary style. Animals share the philosophic fate of savages. They are alternately exalted and humbled, according to the exigencies of the current theory as to the position of man in nature " (Hibbert Lectures, 1891, p. 49). Westermarck, in his great work, ' The History of Human Marriage,' goes back to the precursors of man in his study of the origin of that institution, and a course he forcibly affirms (p. 9) is " the only one which can lead to the truth, but a path which is open to him alone who regards organic nature as one continued chain, the last and most perfect link of which is man." I ' Naturalist in the Transvaal,' p. 67. § A few of the following notes I published in my description of the Central American Cicadidoe in the ' Biologia Central! Americana.' viii PREFACE. "individuals are often seen whose bulky bodies have been bitten off from the thorax by some bird; and the large and graceful Swallow-tailed Kite at that time feeds on nothing else. I have seen these Kites sweeping round in circles over the tree-tops, and every now and then catching insects off the leaves, so that on shooting them I have found their crops filled with Cicadidaa."* In "New Zealand, Melampsalta cingulata is destroyed in enormous quantities by the " ordinary house sparrow," and Mr. Hudson, who records the fact, also remarks that he does not think the species can, from this cause, " long remain abundant in the neighbourhood of our larger towns." t The same thing has occurred in North America, where Tibicen K,'i>tnnili'ciin was also attacked by Passer domesticus, "and so ravenously and persistently does this bird pursue its food, that the ground is strewn by the wings of the unfortunate Cicada wherever these have been at all numerous." I They are not spared by other insects. The eggs of an European species are stated by Reaumur to be attacked by the larvae of an ichneumon. § In South-East Africa the perfect insects are devoured by Mantidae. Mrs. Monteiro found " a large green Mantis holding an unfortunate Cicada, from which it had already bitten one eye, and part of the head ; the poor thing — a male . . . . — making its loud stridulating noise all the time." || In the Transvaal, as I have elsewhere recorded, 1 found a species of Platypleura (P. divisa) was captured and eaten by spiders. " On once hearing a particularly loud chorus from a peach-tree, I visited the same to capture specimens, and found that spiders had industriously spread their webs between the branches, and remains of the Platyphurce were suspended in a more or less devoured condition." 1F In the neighbourhood of Candahar a writer who records a wonderful congregation of Cicadidae, also states, "The only enemies they appeared to have were some large dragon-flies, which pounced upon them and carried off what appeared to be double their own weight." Hornets swell the list of insect-foes. Herr Schluter, in Texas, saw a Cicada of "exceptional size" attacked by a hornet, killed, and actually carried away by its much smaller destroyer. ft They are also subject to fungoid growths. Mr. Peck describes a fungus developed on the abdomen of Tibicen septemdecim, which, though not immediately fatal to the insect, manifestly incapacitates it for propagation. J J The peculiarities in the geographical distribution of the species described in this volume are best understood by a reference to the following systematic list, in which the range of all the species is comparatively scheduled. It will thus be seen that in the extreme west of our region the genus Cicadatm just enters as a Palaearctic representative, whilst in the most eastern portion of our area the genera Prasia and Acrilla are allied to the distinctly Australian genera Cystosoma and Chlorocysta. This helps to prove the Cicadan homogeneity of our faunistic area, which embraces all the known species of the genera Polyneura, Angamiana, Tacua, Graptopsaltria, Toscna, Leptopsaltria, Dundubia, Pomponia, Psithyristria, Cryptotympana, Talainga, Graptotettix, Huechys, Sderoptera, Mogannia, Kamulata, Eustia, Karenia, Calcayninns, Terpnosia, Prasia, Bceturia, and Acrilla. Thus, according to present knowledge, * 'Naturalist in Nicaragua,' p. 230. f Trans. New Zealand Instit. vol. xxiii. p. 50 (1890). I Eilcy, ' Science,' v. p. 521 (1885). § Quoted by Westwood, ' Modern Classif. Ins.' vol. ii. p. 425. || ' Delagoa Bay,' p. 188. IT Distant, ' Naturalist in the Transvaal,' p. 67. •LA. S. Beng. vol. ix. p. 441 (1840). ft Biichner, 'Mind in Animals,' Mrs. Besant's Translat. p. 297. JI ' Annual Report on the New York Museum of Natural History for 1878.' PREFACE. ix twenty-five out of our thirty-four genera are wholly restricted to the fauna; whilst we may almost say the same of three other genera, Cosmopsaltria, Gymnotympana, and Lcmbeja. In many cases, therefore, this is a generic as well as a faunistic monograph, but it is not likely to possess that exhaustive character with many of the above genera, when the Cicadidae of the Pacific Islands are better known. Our western limit being on the border of the Palaearctic region proves a moderately sharp faunistic divisor ; but in the east we artificially closed the Malayan Archipelago at New Guinea, and this is certainly not a line of faunistic cleavage. In the Cicadidte, Japan does not exhibit a Palaearctic facies, but has true Oriental affinities ; of China our knowledge is so limited and so partial that nothing can with confidence be said on the subject. In preparing a monograph of a group of exotic insects, the writer becomes aware as the more thoroughly he strives to do his work, of the initial character of such undertakings.* Collectors, no doubt, will largely add to the number of species to be included in this fauna, and also show a wider distribution of the species already enumerated. Fresh observations on the habits of these insects must necessarily accumulate with time. The permanence of the classification here adopted and pursued is neither claimed nor expected. In fact, it would be taking a very pessimist view of the future progress of Entomology, if our present artificial and arbitrary classificatory systems were anticipated to survive the exigencies of museum arrangement, and our present limited knowledge. Embryological conditions, considered on evolutionary principles, must be the guide in framing our future natural systems, showing the sequence of Families, Genera, and Species ; the embryology of the Cicadidae is at present practically- unknown. The monographist of to-day can only prepare the material to be dealt with in a future biological era by students trained on wider principles, and living in a philosophical conception of life less narrow than that now so generally popular. It is only about thirty years since the publication of the ' Origin of Species ; ' judging from what has already taken place, what may not be expected at the end of another similar period ? I thus feel that, though I found our knowledge of the Cicadidaa in a somewhat chaotic condition, I only leave it in artificial order, and may, metaphorically, exclaim, "Order reigns in Warsaw." I will only add — if I may do so without presumption — to those who use this monograph, that he who criticises does well ; he who corrects does better ; and he who adds to our knowledge does better still. I must again bear witness to the faithful work of my artist, Mr. Horace Knight, who has illustrated this publication, .as he did my ' Rhopalocera Malayana.' I think the entomological artist does not always receive his proper value. How often he makes possible a bad description ! * It was one of the sayings of the late well-known British zoologist, Fredk. Bond, "that a naturalist ought to have three lives — seventy years to collect, seventy to study his collection, and seventy to impart hia knowledge to others." — ' Entomologist,' vol. xxii. p. 266. PURLEY, SURREY, August, 1892. SYSTEMATIC LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS MONOGRAPH, SHOWING OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SAME. 1 Subfam. CICADINjE. Tab. vii. & Fig. 20 •) 18 g 3 4 i. 16 *, 12 6 ix 6 7 viii. 19 8 1 9 i. 5 10 g n 12 19, , nicobarica i. 3 18 , fulvigera 2 14 viii 16 15 , semusta i. 10 10 18 17 , liilpa i. 6 is 4 19 , andaniana 9 •/o , atnnis -'1 <?A 1'latypleura rcpanda 7 W 14 24 ,, nobilis 13 9,5 15 9,0, ,, badia ; 15 "7 Polyneura ducalis 7 9,8. Ant,'amiana setherea 1 W T;icua speciosa 9 10 30, Graplopsaltria colorata g 31 Tosena mearesiana .... 3 •M. fasciata 1 2 as. melanoptera 5 34. monti vaga . . . g 35 depicta U 36. dives 10 37 sibylla 38. splendida g 39. 40. Leptopsaltria (jiiadrituberculata „ mascula viii. 6 1 41 49,. ,, albistigma 15 48. ,, nebulinea 17 44. 4,5. ,, andamanensis ... ,, tuberosa X. 12 7 40 ,, pryeri 12 47 A 48. ,, tigroides 18 49. fiO. ,, albiguttata ,, carmente Iviii. .** 5} 2 .11. 14 ,19. ,, guttularis 20 .13. ,, morrisi 19 54. Dnndubia rnannifera 17 10 Var xii. 1 Page 5 a .5 9 r- — w W o CONTINENTAL * 1 .3 03 '£ a J *2 <y o s t, ^ ™ ^ Cfl JH oil eg - §33 5 H 3 U O INSULAR * i s •*- s a .3 3 'I 9 a i o e. ?> o rn M •If g If HI I s 6 ... 0 0 Arn 6 7 0 ... 8 0 ... 8 o 9 0 . . 9 o 0 10 0 . 0 11 0 ... 12 0 ... 0 12 13 0 0 13 0 ... 14 0 15 0 15 o 16 0 ... 0 17 18 0 ... 18 0 19 0 0 20 o 0 21 o ... 0 0 22 o 23 0 23 0 0 100 o 24 154 ... 0 0 0 Fenang 25 0 26 o 26 ... 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 28 o 28 0 29 o 29 154 o 30 0 0 31, 154 ...00 .. 0 ... 0 32 0 32 o 33 o 33 ... 0 ... 0 34 Andaman Islands 34 o 0 o 35 0 35 o 0 35 n . 36 0 ... 0 0 37 0 0 37 Sulu Islands 00 ini ... 0 ..... 39 n o 000 • • 00000 Sinkep Island * The way in which the terms " Continental" and " Insular" are understood in this work, has been already explained in a footnote to page 24. t In these Islands are included Gilolo, Ceram, Bouru, Batchian, Morty, Obi, Ke, Timor-laut, Amboyna, Ternate, Tidore, Kaiua, and Banda (Walla ' -Malay Archipelago,' chap, xxvii.). 65. 56.' 67. 58. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 71a 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 12l". 122. 123. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. Tab. vi. xii. is. iv. viii. vi. iv. viii. iv. ( V. } iv. iv. v. ' V. V. V. XV. vii. iv. V. xii. vi. vi. iv. viii. vi. V. iv. V. iv. V. XV. V. iv. iv. V. iv. iv. vi. iv. xii. vii. vii. vii. ix. vi. V. iv. vi. V. vii. X. xi. viii. vii. vii. X. X. V. viii. xii. ix. vii. XV. X. vii. vii. vi. vii. X. xiii. X. vii. vii. ix. ix. xiii. ix. xiii. ix. & Fig. 6 9 1 4 3 7 1 4 14 fll 11 10 9 6 3 20 8 15 8 12 15 16 2 5 9 15 7 11 9 17 21 4 8 6 2 16 12 17 5 14 1 4 6 3 3 5 3 1 16 7 16 12 1 5 3 14 2 13 10 21 15 10 22 8 18 11 4 20 13 8 9 19 17 14 4 7 11 9 7 Page 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 101 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 102 55 55 56 56 •57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 66 67 67 68 4 (fig. 1), 6 70, 154 102 70 71 71 72 72, 102, 15 72 73 73 74 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 £ a CONTINENTAL <s . m ai 1 /it % 1 1 i 1 i M H S 0 . O ... 0 . . INSULAR O I M g g tfijflm i ot2^nSoSiz;i-5 o 000 0 Nias Island, Sumba iva 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...00 i, nagarasingna... 0 0 Cochin China . 0 .0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 o 0 . . 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) radha 0 0 , tavoyana 6 0 00 , tripurasura Corea ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , doryca .. 0 ... o 0 ... Am & Salwatty Islands Corea . . . Duke 0 , operculissima... 0 o , silhetana 0 0 » lutulenta • 0 ... Waigiou 0 0 , chlorogaster ... , gemina 0 Santa Cruz Islands 0 Goram 0 ... , junctivitta , obtecta 0 0 0 ... Aru, Salwatty, & , pi^afettas 0 [of York Islands . ... o Pomponia imperatoria 0 0 0 fusca 0 .... o 0 ... 0 japonensis 0 grsecina 0 o ... 0 ... 0 singularis 0 ransonneti ... 0 0 pumila .... 0 viridimaculata . . . 0 0 00 solitaria . ." Narkondam Island ... 0 Engano 0 translucida Sulu Islands bindusara 0 00 .. 0 .. 132. 133. 134. 135. 130. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 1GO. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 17:!. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. I!).',. I'.W. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. Tab. & Fig. Pomponia kama vi. 12 „ pallidiventris vi. 14 viridi-cincta Woodcut, fig. % Tab. & Fig. „ expansa vi. 13 ,, maoulaticollis vi. 11 „ obnuhila vi. 10 Psithyristria specularis Woodcut, fig. 3 crassmervis .. nodinervis tenuinervis .. simplicinervis XI. xiii. xi. xi. xi. xi. xi. x. xi. xi. xiii. x. xi. xi. xi. x. xiii. xiii. Cryptotympana fumipennis ... accipiter diomedea epitbesia aquila mandarina ... pustulata corvus intermedia ... acuta demissitja recta facialis sinensis insularis limborgi exalbida tondana immaculata Cicada leecbi xiii. „ bihamata xii. „ sinensis xiii. coronata xii. ochracea :.. xii. tagalica vi. pontianaka v. germana vii. polyhymnia xii. „ viridis xii. ,, elopurina xii. ,, flarnmata xiii. „ semperi Subfam. TIBICENIN.E. Gseana maculata iii. „ stellata iii. „ sulphurea iii. „ hageni jx. ,, festiva iii. „ atkinsoni ix. „ octonotata iii. „ tenebriscosa iii. „ delinenda iii. Talainga bingbami xiii. Graptotettix guttatus iii. „ thoracicus Huechys sanguinea iii. „ incarnata iii. „ phBenicura iii. „ vidua iii. ,, fiisca iii. „ pingenda iii. „ celebensis iii. ,, thoracica ....: iii. „ lutulenta xiv. „ dobertyi xiv. „ chryselectra xiv. „ hsematica xiv. Scieroptera splendidula xiv. „ crocea xiv. ,, fumigata xiv. Mogannia viridis xiv. „ fulva xiv. ,, obliqua xiv. „ doria; xiv. „ sesioides xiv. ,, hebes xiv. Tab. & Fig. 4 10 3 5 9 7 10 11 1 8 11 10 11 6 2 7 12 13 2 8 3 11 13 8 7 2 4 19 5 15 17 15 22 8 18 10 12 14 16 4 21 2 4 6 9 7 1 8 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Page 78 78 79 79 80 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 85 85 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 104 105 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 109 110 110 111 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 115 116 116 116 117 118 118 119 119 119 120 120 121 C3 .* a HH PQ 0 ... CONTINENTAL 1 1 J 1 8 * i-l !? a >* | -3 .| H 3 O O INSULAR 1 | 3| I II4I11II1 0 0 0 o o o 0 ... . ... 0 . 0 .. „ 0 0 0 Siam ... o 0 o 0 ... 0 ... Corea ... 0 ... 0 o 0 0 0 0 ... o 0 . 0 o 000 Timor ... 0 o o Siam 0 o Andaman Islands o 0 ... 0 0 o 0 o o o Formosa 0 . . 0 ... 0 0 0 Sum Islands o 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o 0 o o o o 0 0 o o o o o 0 0 0 0 00 I' Sumbawa 0 0 0 ... 0 o o 0 00 Sulu Islands 0 0 ... 0 o 0 ... 0 o n 0 0 o 0 0 ... 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 0 o 0 0 o o 0 ... 0 0 o 0 . o 0 .. 0 1-omiosii d Tab. i k Fig. Page 208. Mogannia nasalis XIV. 14 121 209. „ cyanea XIV. 15 121 210. „ effects XIV. 16 122 211. „ funebris XIV. 17 var. 122 212. „ conica XIV. 18 122 213. Gymnotympana stridens* IX. 16 124 214. Kamalata pantherina Vlll. 9 124 215. Bustia dentivitta Vlll. 14 125 216. ,, tigrina XIV. 19 126 217. Karenia ravida Xll. 6 126 218. „ calatata Sill. 5 127 219. Tibicen casyapse XIV. 20 128 220. „ reticulatus XIV. 21 128 221. ,, lacteipennis (4 6l 10 J 129 222. „ subvittatus Xll. 17 129 223. , nanns XIV. 22 130 224. , tener VI. 5 130 225. , maculicollis XIV. 28 131 226. , apicalis Xll. 15 131 227. , nubifurca XIV. 24 131 226. , ferrarius 132 229. ,, pusillus 132 230. Emathia segrota xii. 3 133 231. Cicadatra querula xii. 2 134 232. „ rugipennis xii. 7 135 233. „ xantes XV. 1 135 234. „ striata XV. 2 135 235. „ acberi XV. 3 136 236. Calcagninus picturatns Vlll. 13 136 237. ,, nilgirensis Vlll. 15 137 238. Terpnosia nigricosta XV. 4 138 239. „ pryen XV. 5 139 240. „ stipata XV. 6 139 241. „ psecas Vll. 21 140 242. ,, maculipes XV. 7 140 243. „ clio IX. 5 141 244. ,, andersoni IX. 13 141 245. „ madhava IX. 2 141 246. „ collina Vll. 12 142 247. Melampsalta literata XV. 8 143 XV. 9 143 249. ,, pellosoma XV. 10 143 250. „ exsequata XV. 11 144 251. ,, laevifrons 144 252. Prasia faticina Vll. 14 145 253. „ princeps X1U. 14 145 254. ,, hariola Vll. 16 146 255. ,, fatiloqua VI. 2 146 256. „ foliata XV. 12 146 257. Lembeja maculosa Vll. 13 147 258. ,, paradoxa 148 259. BKturia conviva XIV. 25 148 260. ,, exhausta XV. 13 149 261. „ obtusa XV. 14 149 262. ,, beccarii XIV. 27 149 263. „ innotabilis XV. 15 150 264. „ subnotata XV. 16 150 265. „ stigma XV. 17 150 266. „ bicolorata XIV. 26 150 •l(n. „ ? sandaracata Vll. 9 151 268. Acrilla adipata XV. 18 151 CONTINENTAL £ & <0 3 s a 1 "3 la 55 U3 os a 2 2* * n ~ n c Q 1 i 1 i 1 i 0 - INSU1 C3 I =5 a -1 fl i3 0 O< g o ^ 11 ill 111! 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 o o 0 0 Siam & Cambodia . 0 ... 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 o o 0 0 0 f Persia, Turkestan, | \ & Afghanistan J 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 o o o 0 ... 0 o o . . 0 o 0 0 , o o o o 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 ... o ... 0 0 ... 0 ... 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 ... o Mysol Timor, Aru, & Duke of [York Island Mysol * Gymnotympana strepitans, tab. viii., fig. 9, page 124 (note) ; locality, Woodlark Island. ORIENTAL CICADID^E. Class INSECTA. Order RHYNCHOTA. Suborder HOMOPTEEA. Fam. CICADID^E. Stridul antes, Latreille, Fam. Nat. du Regne Anim. p. 426 (1825) ; Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 458 (1848). Striilulantia, Burmeister, Handb. ii. 1, pp. 102, 170 (1885) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 1 (1866). Cicadida, Westwood, Intr. Mod. Class. Ins. ii. p. 420 (1840) ; Arcan. Entomol. i. p. 91 (1848) ; Distant, Biol. Centr. Am. Ebynch. Horn. p. 1 (1881). Cicadaria, Packard (nee Latreille), Guide Study Ins. 5th edit. p. 588 (1876). The principal characters of this family of Homoptera are as follows : — Ocelli three in number and placed on the disk of the vertex of head ; antennae short, inserted close to the eyes and composed of seven joints. The head is short, broad, and transverse, terminating beneath in an elongated rostrum composed of three joints. The thorax is large ; the pronotum short and transverse, with two oblique longitudinal discal furrows on each side; the mesonotum* is very large and terminates behind in a small basal cruciform elevation.! The abdomen consists of six segments and an anal segmental appendage. The anterior femora are incrassated and more or less spinose beneath. The tegmina are generally hyaline, sometimes opaque ; the venation usually distinct and furcate in ramification, but sometimes reticulate. J The sound-producing or stridulatiug organs of the male § have been studied and described by Reaumur,]] Goureau and Solier,1f Duges,** Landois,tt Mayer, \\ and Carlet.§§ Mr. Jno. C. Galtou has also given an excellent resume of the same,|||| especially as regards the work of Carlet. Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan has recently contributed a short but very succinct description of "the sound-producing apparatus of the Cicadas, "1T1T which Mr. Middlemiss, writing from the North- West Himalaya, has supplemented by further particulars.*** This sound-producing apparatus is covered beneath by two flaps, which, as pointed out by Westwood, are " in fact, the dilated sides of the metasternum" ttt ; these are often incorrectly :; This has been considered as a scutellum by Stal and some other writers, but I am supported iu my view l.y Burnaeister and Westwood. t The metathoracic cross of Mr. Uhler (see fig. 1, 5, p. 4). J As in Polyneura ducalis, Westw. § Dr. Bennett found that the natives of New South Wales were acquainted with the fact that the males alone produced the sound. They said, in their peculiar English, " Old woman Galang galang no got, no make a noise," implying that the females do not possess these musical instruments. — ' Wanderings in New South Wales,' vol. i. p. 237. || 'Memoires,' torn. v. pi. xvii. (1740). 11 Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, torn. vi. (1837). ** 'Traite de Physiologic couaparee,' torn. ii. (1838). ff Zeitschr. fur wisaenoh. Zool. bd. xvii. s. 105 (IsiiT'. H ' Zeitschr. fur wissench. Zool. bd. xxviii. s. 79 (1877). §§ 'Ann. des Sciences Naturelles,' ser. 6, Zool. torn. v. & ' Comptes Kendus de 1'Acad. des Sciences' (1876). Illl ' Popular Science Review,' new ser. vol. i. p. 353, pi. x. 1T1f ' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 868 (1886). *** Ibid. p. 583 (1886). f ft ' Modern Classification of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 422. B 2 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. described as "drums," but are really covering-flaps, or as they are generally called "opercula," in agreement with Stal and other writers. These opercula, in many genera, are by their length and structure most important factors in specific differentiation. The real drums or " tympana" are either seen above on each side near the base of the abdomen as in the Tibicenince, or covered by the dilated or expanded lateral areas of the basal abdominal segment,* as in the Cicadince. The females are provided with a remarkably developed ovipositor, by which they are enabled to pierce the branches of trees and there deposit their eggs. According to Westwood, the female deposits from five to seven hundred eggs, t but we have the statement of Dr. Hildreth that in North America the stock of eggs possessed by the female of Tibicen septemdecem " amounted to about one thousand." I It may be here stated that it is proposed in this work to fully describe and figure all the species known or recorded from Continental India and Ceylon, the islands in the Bay of Bengal, Burma, Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, the length and breadth of the Malayan Archipelago, including, but not extending eastward of, New Guinea ; and Eastern Asia including China and Japan. It will be thus evident that this area, in a zoo-geographical sense, is a very arbitrary one, including the whole of the Oriental Kegion of Wallace, or the Indian Region of Sclater, § entering the Australian Region at New Guinea, and embracing the Japanese Subregion of the Palearctic realm. The Monograph thus embraces — literally — Oriental Cicadidas, and many genera can thus be more exhaustively treated than if a smaller, though more accurate, zoo-geographical region had limited our descriptive work. As regards the habits and life peculiarities of the Cicadidce, we lack much precise information. References to these sound-producing insects are naturally found in most books of travel written by authors to whom Nature has, at least, some kind of interest, but even in these the recorded facts can only be applied to the members, or rather some individuals, of the group || belonging to a special locality, as specific, or even generic, distinctions can scarcely be expected to be recognised. Some attempt will be made to collate a number of these observations, and opportunity will be sought to diffuse them throughout the work in a more or less geographical manner as opportunities arise. The general impressions of Cicadan music are naturally varied. Darwin, when at ::: I follow Stal in considering this as the basal segment of the abdomen, though Mr. Woodworth, in a recent " Synopsis of North American Cicadidte," describes the "second abdominal segment of the male" as being expanded. — 'Psyche,' vol. v. p. 67 (1888). t ' Modern Classification of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 425. I Sillim. Amer. Journ. 1830, p. 49. — As Darwin has admirably put it, "the real importance of a large number of eggs or seeds is to make up for much destruction at some period of life ; and this period in the great majority of cases is an early one." — ' Origin of Species.' ii Address delivered to Biol. Sect. Brit. Association, Bristol (1875). || Even this is not always the case. Thus we frequently find, in books of travel, references to grasshoppers, when cicadas are evidently the insects intended. But perhaps the "reductio ad absurdum," in this respect, is reached by an anecdote given in that still charming narrative of Capt. Cook: — "One of the seamen who had been rambling in the woods told us at his return that he verily believed he had seen the devil ; we naturally enquired in what form he had appeared, and his answer was in so singular a style that I shall set down his own words : — ' He was,' says John, ' as large as a one-gallon keg, and very like it ; he had horns and wings, yet he crept so slowly through the grass, that if I had not been afeard, I mi«,'ht have touched him.' This formidable apparition we afterwards discovered to have been a bat." — ' The Voyages of Capt. .las. Cook,' vol. i. p. 284. Our modern poets are now even changing the English name ; thus, in Mr. Allingham's ' Flower Pieces and other Poems,' just published, and in which some earlier-published poems have received a new editing, " Cicada drunk with drops of dew," has become a tettix, and we read "OTettix," and " O my Tettix," where formerly appeared, "Cicada," and " dear Cicada." But, oh, mirabile dictu t a reviewer of these poems defends the name " Cicada" against " Tettix," as though less onomatopoeic, being more pleasant, and long since " the English way of naming this grasshopper." ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 8 Botofogo Bay, thought the "ceaseless shrill cry," when softened by distance, "not unpleasant";* in the Himalayas, Mr. Middlemiss describes the "deafening roar" from the rhododendron-trees, like the "whirr of large machinery;"! and Dr. Hildreth states that the "countless multitude" of Tibicen septemdecem, Linn., filled woodlands and orchards with a "continual singing or scream," from sunrise till evening, so loud that in a calm morning "the sound was heard a full mile." J Nor must we omit the testimony of Virgil, whose utterances, once more made classic in the pages of Kirby and Spence, describe the Italian species " as bursting the very shrubs with their noise" § — " Et cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicada;" (Georg. iii. 328). [| As regards the classification of the Cicadidte, we are, as in many other groups of Rhynchota, much indebted to the work of the late Dr.Stal,1T and there can be little doubt that his proposed classification, according to our present knowledge, is a sound one, and is and will be generally followed, if not entirely adopted by most students of the family. In fact, without the " Illative Sense," as propounded by Cardinal Newman, it is difficult to frame a very different one, and with some modifications, and supplemental proposals, it is adopted here. It appears that two divisions or subfamilies can be well differentiated :— Male. Tympana entirely or in great part covered by the dilated or expanded lateral areas of the basal abdominal segment.** - - - - ' CICADIN^;. Male. Tympana entirely or in greater part uncovered. - TIBICENINJE. Subfam.^CICADIN^. In this subfamily I include thirteen genera, and from these I have been obliged to eliminate many species hitherto thus generically treated, and to incorporate some which seem to have been unnecessarily divorced. The following synopsis will, however, best explain the generic views here followed. In the differentiation of the species, good structural characters can generally be found. These, as a rule, exist in the length and shape of the opercula, and where they are unduly developed the greatest specific distinction occurs, as is the case with other organisms, as pointed out by Darwin. ft These specific differentiations in opercula reach their maximum in the genera DunduUa and Cosmopsaltria, and the structure of the face, or in some cases the length of the rostrum, are also important factors in the discrimination of the species. Colour differences alone, without coincident structural departure, are treated as varietal and not specific differences. Before proceeding further, it will probably be well to explain the nomenclature here used to represent the different anatomical divisions and other specialized forms of structure which are principally used in the diagnosis of genera and species; in other words, that portion * ' Voyage of the Beagle,' 10th edit. p. 29. f ' Nature,' vol. xxxiii. p. 583 (1886). I Sillim. Amer. Journ. 1830, p. 48. § Ivirby & Spence, ' Introd. to Entoniol.' 7th ed. p. 500. || Libanius, in his funeral oration upon the Emperor Julian, with the lofty rhetoric used on those occasions, exclaimed, " Whenever a cessation of business occurred, after breakfasting just sufficient to support "life, he was not beaten by the cigale, but throwing himself upon piles of books, he sung away." — 'Julian the Emperor,' King's translat. p. 176. *\ Hern. Afr. vol. iv. p. 1 (1866). ** See fig. 1, 5a, p. 4. ff As in the opercular valves of sessile Cirripedes (rock barnacles), but these not only show specific distinction, sometimes " wholly unlike in shape," but vary in the individuals of the same species (' Origin of Species,' 6th edit. p. 120). ORIENTAL CICAD1DJE. of the subject which was well separated by Burmeister under the name of "Partial Orisinology." Front of head. Vertex of head. Pronotum. Mesonotum. Cruciform elevation. Abdominal coverings to tympana. Abdomen. Face, on underside of head. Opercula. Costal membrane. Basal cell. Costal area. Costal vein. Radial vein. Radial area. Ulnar areas. Apical areas. Postcostal area. Fig. 1. General structure of Pomponia imperatoria. SYNOPSIS OF GENEKA. 1. Lateral margins of the pronotum ampliated and more or less angularly produced. a. Tegmina with eight apical areas. b. Expanse of head, including eyes, broader than mesonotum. bb. Expanse of head, including eyes, not broader than mesonotum. aa. Tegmina with the venation dense and furcate, the apical areas numerous, but small and irregularly formed. - 2. Lateral margins of the pronotum convex, but not angularly produced. A. Tegmina and wings more or less opaquely coloured. c. Lateral margins of the pronotum somewhat convex but even. d. Head, including eyes, equal in width to anterior lateral margins of pronotum. dd. Head, including eyes, narrower than anterior lateral margins of pronotum. cc. Lateral margins of the pronotum anteriorly subampliated and somewhat toothed. AA. Tegmina and wings either totally or partially hyaline. B. Lateral margins of the pronotum more or less distinctly toothed. c. Second and third ventral segments in male with distinct lateral tubercles ee. Ventral' segments without tubercles. /. Opercula long, generally reaching beyond middle of abdomen. g. Head with the front large and convex, about twice as broad at base as anterior margins of the lobes of vertex. h. Eostrum scarcely reaching the posterior coxae. gg. Head with the front not twice as broad at base as anterior margins of the lobes of vertex. hh. Rostrum reaching, sometimes slightly passing, the posterior coxse. ff. Opercula long, at least reaching centre and, sometimes apex, of abdomen. fff. Opercula short and transverse. i. Interior ulnar area normal. ii. Interior ulnar area broad and beyond base distinctly ampliated. BB. Lateral margins of the pronotum not toothed. /, . Metasternum elevated at middle and furnished with a posterior process turning backwards. - kk. Metasternum not, or very slightly, elevated, but not provided with posterior process. ... PCECILOPSALTRIA. PLATYPLEUKA. POLYNEURA. TACUA. GRAPTOPSALTRIA. TOSENA. LEPTOPSALTRIA. DUNDUBIA. COSMOPSALTRIA. POMPONIA. PSITHYRISTRIA. CICADA. ORIENTAL Genus PCECILOPSALTRIA. Pcecilopsfiltria, Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 2 (1866); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 148 (1886). Body robust, somewhat short. Head broad, truncate anteriorly, including eyes broader than the base of the mesonotum ; ocelli about twice and sometimes thrice the distance from eyes as from each other; face moderately convex, not prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins ampliated, or horizontally and laminately expanded, obtusely or acutely angulated near centre. Anterior femora not distinctly spined. Metasternum elevated, the elevated portion centrally sulcated and somewhat sinuately truncated. Tympana practically covered ; opercula short, broad, their apices more or less convexly rounded. Tegmina with the basal cell or area broad, irregular, with four or sometimes five angles ; ulnar veins widely separated at their bases ; interior ulnar area somewhat broadened at apex. This genus has a wide distribution ; it is found in tropical and subtropical Africa, throughout the Oriental region and enters the Palearctic fauna at China. Of twenty-five species at present known to the writer or otherwise recorded, no less than twenty-one are found in our fauna, and are here enumerated, nineteen only being figured, as two have proved to the present time unprocurable. Many of the species show considerable dissimilarity to each other in coloration, structure, and general appearance ; specific variation itself exists only to a moderate degree, and is principally confined to the markings of the tegmina and wings. A. Tegmina and wings clear and unspotted. a. Pronotal angles very prominent and acute. 1. Pcecilopsaltria bufo. (Tab. VIII., fig. 20, a, b.) Oxypleura bufo, Walker, List. Horn. i. p. 27, n. 9 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 15 (1885K Platypleura (Oxypleura) bufo, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 195, n. 44 (1874). Ptatyphura bufo, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 149, n. 10 (1886). This species is only known to the writer by Walker's type in the collection of the British Museum. That specimen is here figured, and Walker's original description, slightly remodelled in sequence, is reproduced.* " Body tawny ; head and chest very broad ; head much narrower than the fore-chest,t adorned with two black irregular bands, the hinder one passing over the region of the eyelets ; face very slightly convex : mouth t tawny, with a black tip, reaching the hind border of the drums § ; eyes not prominent; feelers!! black : fore-chest broadest in the middle ; scutcheon II adorned with a blackish mark in the middle ; furrows blackish; hind-scutcheon** pale tawny, ferruginous, much widened, and forming a very projecting right angle on each side: scutcheon of the middle-chest tt ferruginous; hind border very slightly excavated: abdomen ferruginous, shorter and narrower than the chest, Jt tawny at the tip and beneath ; opercula^ tawny, partly pitchy, close ; drums tawny, rather large, nearly meeting, less than half the length of the abdomen, their disks darker : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ; fore-thighs armed with two extremely * A comparison is also attempted of the structural terms used by Walker and those followed in this work, f Prosternum. J Rostrum. § Opercula. — The rostrum considerably passes the posterior margin of the opercula. || Antennae. V, Pronotum. *« Posterior margin of pronotum. ft Mesonotum. {J Sternum. §§ Tympanal coverings. 6 ORIENTAL CICADID^E. short and blunt tawny teeth ; wings with an exceedingly slight tawny tinge, tawny towards the base, bright tawny along the fore border ; veins tawny, darker towards the tips ; cross veins darker. Second marginal areolet * nearly as long as the first ; first cross vein very slightly curved, slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, parted from the second by more than four times its length ; second slightly curved, very slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, nearly twice the length of the first; third nearly straight, very slanting, forming a slightly acute angle ; fourth nearly straight, slanting, forming a very slightly acute angle, a little shorter than the third ; fifth curved, forming a slightly acute angle." Long. excl. tegm. <? . 29 millim. Exp. tegm. 86 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 19 millim. Hab. — EAST INDIA (sic) ; (Brit Mus.). Nothing can be more unsatisfactory than such a habitat as "East India," and the proper locality of the species is still to be discovered. aa. Pronotal angles moderately prominent and acute. 2. Pcecilopsaltria canescens. (Tab. VIIL, fig. 18, a, b.) <>.cypleura canescens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 88 (1867). Platypleura (Oxypleura) canescens, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 197, n. 50 (1874). Platypleura (Oxypleura) aeutipennis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 195, n. 45 (1874). Head and pronotum ochraceous ; a spot at anterior angles of front, a transverse fascia between eyes •widened at area of ocelli, a small spot between ocelli and eyes, lateral margins of the pronotum and the inner edge of the posterior margin (broken at centre) black. Mesonotum dark castaneous, with the following black markings : — a central fascia widened in front of cruciform elevation, two obconical spots on anterior margin and a longitudinal fascia on each lateral area. Abdomen castaneous, somewhat thickly clothed with greyish pile. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between eyes, central sulcation to face, margins of the laterally dilated prosternum, a small spot at bases of opercula, and a spot at bases of posterior (and sometimes also of intermediate) tibiae, black. Tegmina pale hyaline ; the costal membrane and basal cell ochraceous, the venation brownish-ochraceous ; the transverse veins at bases of third, fifth, and seventh apical areas, and the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas, slightly infuscated. Wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous or brownish-ochraceous. The face is very strongly transversely striate, and its central sulcation is very broad. The rostrum just passes the posterior coxae and reaches the central connecting angles of the opercula, which are broad and short, not extending beyond the base of the abdomen. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim. Hab. — SUMATRA (V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.). BANDA (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). TIMOR LAUT (Forbes —coll. Dist.). ARU ISLANDS (Wallace— Brit. Mus. ; Beccari — Genoa Mus.). The form described by Mr. Butler as P. (0.) aeutipennis, is a slight variety, but I possess a specimen from Timor-Laut which is quite intermediate between that form and the typical P. canescens, Walk. This species has evidently a wider distribution in the Malayan Archipelago than our present collections enable us to describe. 3. Pcecilopsaltria calypso. (Tab. X., fig. 3, a, 6.) Oxypleura calypso, Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 558. This species is only known to the writer by the type in the British Museum (which is here figured), and Mr. Kirby's description, which is here reproduced : — " Male. Black, with testaceous markings. Head black ; front of vertex with a wide testaceous stripe on each side, extending from the inside of the eye to the striated portion of the face. Longitudinal * Apical area. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 7 sulcation broad, rather deep, black, surmounted by a trapezifortn ochreous spot ; the transverse striations, except the upper ones, are marked with ochreous, ending in a continuous ochreous stripe, not striated, on each side of the extremity of the longitudinal sulcation. Sides of face clothed with thick yellowish -grey hair ; labrum with a longitudinal testaceous stripe, expanded above and below ; proboscis testaceous, black towards the extremity, and reaching as far as the hinder trochanters ; antennae black. Pronotum testaceous, entirely so behind ; a dumbbell-shaped black mark in front of this, extending to the front edge, and the central sutures blackish ; sides not greatly expanded, with irregular black markings, and clothed with grey hair ; mesonotum black, with two short thick tawny stripes on each side, not reaching the front edge, and a spear-shaped tawny mark, filled with black in the middle, directed forwards ; scutellum with the hinder half and lateral ridges testaceous. Abdomen black ; sutures narrowly edged with testaceous, especially on the sides ; segment 7 with two testaceous dots in the middle and a larger spot on each side. Sternum mostly black, clothed with greyish hair ; legs testaceous ; coxse, four front femora, and tarsi streaked with black above ; opercula testaceous, extending nearly to the end of the first segment of the abdomen. Abdomen beneath testaceous ; basal segment entirely black, the following segments triangularly blackish on each side at the base, the last two lateral lobes spotted with black. Tegulae and wings hyaline, with brown nervures; costal nervures and inner marginal nervures testaceous." Long. excl. tegm. 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 76 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 13 millim.* Hab. — CHRISTMAS ISLAND (Lister — Brit Mus.). B. Tegmina and wings clear, but more or less spotted. 4. Pcecilopsaltria polita. (Tab. I., fig. 16, a, 6.) Oxypleura polita; Walker, List Horn. i. p. 29, n. 11 (1850). Platypleura (Ojeypleura) polita, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 196, n. 46 (1874). Head, pronotum, and mesonotum tawny-ochraceous ; head with some black spots on front and a broken transverse black fascia between the eyes ; pronotum with two black discal spots, the anterior one longitudinal, the posterior one transverse ; mesonotum with four black spots on anterior margin, the two central ones smallest, a central longitudinal line not reaching anterior margin, and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, tyinpanal coverings, lateral posterior margins of the first segment, posterior margins of the second, third, and fourth segments, and a large spot on each side of the apical segment ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, and opercula ochraceous ; a spot on each side of anterior margin and the central sulcation to face, a transverse spot between face and eyes, and the interior area of opercula black ; abdomen beneath dark castaneous. Tegmina pale hyaline, costal membrane and venation brownish-ochraceous, transverse vein at base of second ulnar area, and the transverse veins at bases of apical areas faintly infuscated, faint fuscous spots on lower margins of second and third ulnar areas, and a small double series near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. The pronotum is considerably and angularly produced on each side, the rostrum passes the posterior coxse, and extends to near the inner angles of the opercula. Var. a. Tegmina with all the fuscous markings darkened and enlarged, and with the addition of the basal cell, a spot in centre and at apex of radial area, and a spot near base of fourth ulnar area, also pale fuscous. Long. excl. tegm. 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 12 to 12£ millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA ; Karwar, Canara, Trevandrum (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.). The varietal form described above was collected at Trevandrum. The species is evidently a continental one, and its habitat is now for the first time published, as Walker had no knowledge of the locality from which the British Museum specimen was derived. * I have taken these dimensions from the figure, as Mr. Kirby has appended none to his diagnosis. 8 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 5. Pcecilopsaltria cervina. (Tab. V., fig. 12, a, 6.) Platyplftira cervina, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 16, n. 22 (1850) ; Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 172 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 16 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 149, n. 1 (1886). Piatypleitra stnnninea, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 17, n. 28 (1850). Platypleura (O.ri/pleiira) cerrimi, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 198, n. 52 (1874). The following is Walker's description of this species : — "2. Body pale buff: head nearly as broad as the fore-chest; face very slightly convex; mouth pale buff, with a black tip extending to the hind hips : eyes not prominent : feelers pitchy, buff at the base : fore-chest of equal breadth from the fore border to the hind border ; hind-scutcheon widened, and nearly straight on each side ; hind border of the scutcheon of the middle chest very slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest: drums very small, far apart; legs pale buff; claws black, tawny towards the base ; fore thighs armed with small teeth ; hind shanks beset with buff spines whose tips are black ; wings whitish ; veins yellow ; fore- wings buff along the fore border ; cross-veins clouded with brown ; a row of brown dots on the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets. " Second marginal areolet much longer than the first ; first cross-vein slightly curved, slanting, forming an obtuse angle, parted from the second by nearly thrice its length ; second slightly curved, slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, about twice the length of the first ; third very slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle ; fourth slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle, much shorter than the third ; fifth curved, forming a very slightly acute angle." Long. excl. tegm. $ . 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 9 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell, Brit. Mus. ; and Calc. Mus.) This appears to be a very rare species, or at all events is very seldom found in collections ; it is probably quite confined to Continental India, and even there its distribution may be considerably localised. The male specimen figured is in the possession of the Calcutta Museum. C. Wings always more or lest opaque. D. Tegmina opaquely spotted or banded. 6. Pcecilopsaltria basi-viridis. (Tab. IX., fig. 6, a, b.) Platypleura basi-viridis, Walker, List. Hoin. i. p. 18, n. 24 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 188, n. 19 (1874). Head and thorax above brownish-ochraceous ; the posterior margins of pro- and meso-notums stramineous ; head with a large spot on each side of front, and a transverse fascia between the eyes, enclosing ocelli and connected with base, black; pronotum with a central discal angulated spot, two transverse spots on centre of posterior margin, a somewhat oblique spot behind eyes, the lateral margins and the furrows black: mesonotum with four obconical spots on the anterior margin, the central ones shortest, a large spear-shaped central spot — not reaching anterior margin, — on each side of this a small rounded spot, a spot on the centre of anterior margin and the anterior angles of the cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen blackish, the tympanal coverings and the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Body beneath dull ochraceous ; central sulcation and anterior margin of face, — excluding centre, — a large spot between face and eyes, apex of rostrum and apices of the tarsi black. Tegmina hyaline, the venation brownish, costal membrane brownish with two blackish spots ; basal cell brownish with a darker spot, a curved fascia crossing near base, followed by a more waved macular fascia, a dark and outwardly concave maculav fascia crossing beyond end of radial area, an oblique fascia situate on the transverse veins at bases of apical areas, and extending from post-costal area to about half the breadth of tegmina, and a double series of small obscure spots on apices of longitudinal veins to ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 9 apical areas dark brownish ; wings ochraceous, margins broadly — especially at apex — dark brownish, with a pale marginal whitish spot at apex and centre of posterior margin. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 52 to 55 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Karwar (Gale. MusA This is another of those species described by Walker, to which, at the time, no locality could be given ; but a specimen recently forwarded to me by Mr. Atkinson, which had been captured at Karwar, enables the species to be added to our fauna. 7. Pcecilopsaltria basialba. (Tab. VIII., fig. 19, a, b.) Oxypleura basialba, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 26, u. 8 (1850). Platy pleura basialba, Butl. Cist. Eut. i. p. 191, n. 32 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 147, n. 7 (1886). This species being only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the British Museum, the usual plan of giving the original description is followed : — " Body yellow, clothed with white hairs, covered beneath with white powder ; forehead adorned with a black band in front and behind, and with a stripe of short black bands on each side ; cheeks also with slender black bands ; eyes tawny ; eyelets red ; feelers tawny, with black bands and tips ; fore-chest adorned with seven small black marks ; middle-chest adorned with three black stripes, the side pair oblique, the middle one straight, widened o"n each side by the fore border, and having a small black spot on each side near the hind border ; abdomen black ; druma, tip and hind borders of the segments yellow; legs yellow, clothed with short white hairs; tips of the claws black; hind-shanks beset with tawny spines; fore thighs armed beneath with two small teeth; wings colourless, white at the base above, brown at the base beneath ; from this brown hue a short tawny stripe proceeds along the hind border, and communicates with an oblique brown band which crosses the wing near its base ; hind-wings colourless, dark brown with a whitish outline for near half the surface from the base, which is tawny ; flaps dark brown ; veins tawny, pitchy at the tips of the fore-wings. " Second marginal areolet as long as the first ; first cross-vein nearly straight, very slanting, forming an extremely obtuse angle, parted from the second by full five times its length ; second very slightly curved, very slanting, forming an extremely obtuse angle, a little more than twice the length of the first ; third very slightly curved, slanting, forming an acute angle ; fourth curved, upright, forming a slightly acute angle." Long. excl. tegm. 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 62 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell — Brit. Mus.). This appears to be either a very rare or a very local species. 8. Pcecilopsaltria subrufa. (Tab. L, fig. 1, a, b.) Oxypleura subrufa, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 25, n. 7 (1850). Platypleura subrufa, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 192, n. 36 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 14 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 148, n. 9 (1886). Head brownish -ochraceous; lateral and basal margin of front, anterior lateral margins of vertex and a transverse fascia between the eyes black ; pronotum brownish-ochraceous, the posterior and lateral margins stramineous, edges of the dilated lateral margins and a small obscure central discal spot black ; mesonotum pale castaneous, with four obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest, a central black elongate discal spot, and a small rounded black spot in front of each anterior angle of the 10 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, with the posterior segmental margins narrowly castaneous ; head beneath, rostrum, sternum, opercula and legs ochraceous ; head with the central sulcation and a large spot on each side of anterior margin of face and a broad fascia between face and eyes black ; abdomen beneath castaneous, with the posterior segmental margins paler. Tegmina with about basal third opaque, remainder hyaline ; base, a subbasal oblique fascia and a shorter transverse fascia at about centre brownish, the space between base and the subbasal fascia obscure creamy white, the costal membrane ochraceous, its anterior edge minutely spotted with brown, venation brownish-ochraceous, the apical margins of the ulnar areas infuscated, and some elongate spots on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas of the same colour ; wings dark brownish with a central obscure creamy fascia not reaching posterior margin, the apical margin and a spot on posterior margin creamy white. The transverse striations of the face are coarse and profound, the rostrum reaches the interior angles of the opercula, which have their posterior and lateral margins oblique. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA — no locality — (coll. Dist.). CEYLON; Colombo (Calc. Mus.). This is another scarce species in collections. Walker's type is unlocalised. I possess a specimen simply labelled "India," and the Indian Museum contains an example from Colombo. The Cicadidce of Ceylon have still to be collected.* 9. Poecilopsaltria octoguttata. (Tab. L, fig. 5, a, b.) Tettigonia 8-guttata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 615, 22-23 (1798) ; Syst. Khyng. p. 39, 33 (1803). Tettigonia octoguttata, Coqueb. 111. Icon. Ins. i. p. 34, t. 9, f. 1 (1799). Oxypleura sanguiflua, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 24, n. 6 (1850); Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 2 (1858). Pcecilopsaltria octoyuttata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 168, n. 1 (1866). Platypleura octoguttata, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 192, n. 35 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 18, (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 148, n. 8 (1886). Head and eyes ochraceous ; front, a transverse fascia between the eyes, and a spot behind the eyes black ; pronotum castaneous, the posterior and lateral margins ochraceous, two spots on anterior edge of posterior margin and the area of the lateral margins black ; mesonotum ochraceous, with five large black spots, four obconical on anterior margin — the central two shortest — and one large discal, narrowed and pointed anteriorly and widened and dilated posteriorly, and a black spot on each side of the cruciform elevation. Abdomen blackish, clothed with greyish pile ; tympanal coverings anteriorly dull ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula dull ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between the eyes — containing a small ochraceous spot at centre and each side of face — central sulcation and posterior margins of face, some sternal spots, basal margins of opercula and apex of rostrum black ; tibiae more or less castaneous ; abdomen beneath black. Tegmina with about basal half opaque, remainder hyaline, costal membrane ochraceous, with two dark brown spots, venation ochraceous, a basal patch, a broad transverse fascia at about one-third from base, a waved fascia united to the previous fascia at apex of radial area and apex of lower ulnar area, which is again united to a narrow waved fascia at bases of first five apical areas, and a double series of small spots near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas, dark chocolate-brown ; between these basal fasciae are a narrow transverse fascia, and a spot near apex of radial area, which are creamy opaque-white ; wings dark chocolate-brown with basal sanguineous rays, and the outer margin — not extending to anal angle — pale white hyaline. * One wishes that an entomologist could be sent to this island with instructions somewhat similar to those given by Prof. Ward to Mr. Hornaday — " Plunder Ceylon. Bake the island over as with a fine-toothed comb ; catch everything you can in three months' time, and send me the best of it." — Hornaday, W. J., ' Two Years in the Jungle,' p. 248. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 11 Far. a. — Wings with a subcostal ochraceous patch. Far. b.— Wings ochraceous, the outer area only chocolate-brown, and the sanguineous rays entirely absent. Long. excl. tegm. $ . 24 to 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 73 to 80 millim. ; exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim. flab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Panjab — Wazeerabad* (Hearsay — Brit. Mus.) ; North Bengal (Campbell — Brit. Mus.) ; Naini Tal (Stock. Mus.) ; Eajpootana — Mount Aboo (Calc. Mus.) ; Jodhpoor (Calc. Mus.) ; Sambalpoor (Calc. Mus.) ; Karachi (Calc. Mus.) ; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.) ; Karwar (coll. Dist.) ; Coimbatore (Walhouse — Brit. Mus.) ; Neelgiri Hills — Southern Slopes (Hampson — coll. Dist.) ; Shivarai Hills (Bidie & Morris— coll. Dist.). CEYLON (Calc. Mus.). This is decidedly the most abundant and widely spread species of Pcecilopsaltria in Continental India, to which and Ceylon it appears to be confined. Besides the distinct varieties recorded above, even typical examples vary much in the shape and extent of the chocolate-brown markings to the tegmina. 10. Poecilopsaltria hampsoni. (Tab. L, fig. 8, a, b.) Pcecitojisaltria Hampsoni, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 226 (1887). 2 . Head luteous ; front with a number of black linear markings ; vertex with a transverse, narrow, black fascia between the eyes, and with a central black spot containing the ocelli. Pronotum greenish- ochraceous, the disk with the following black markings : — a central I-shaped spot, on each side of which are some oblique linear markings ; the lateral dilated margins are black, and the anterior margin is narrowly — and the posterior margin broadly— dull reddish ochraceous. Mesonotum greenish-ochraceous, with the following black spots : — four obconical from anterior margin, of which the central two are smallest ; and a large, oblong, discal spot, with a small partly rounded spot on each side of it ; the basal cruciform elevation dull reddish ochraceous. Abdomen above black. Head beneath, with the face black, marked with luteous transverse Hues ; sternum somewhat ochraceously pilose ; abdomen beneath black, the segmental margins ochraceous, the anal appendage of the same colour; legs castaneous, streaked or spotted with piceous and luteous. Eostrum black, the basal portion luteous. Tegmina pale hyaline, with the venation brown, the costal membrane greenish, the basal third somewhat opaque, with darker transverse markings and small basal black markings ; a double irregular series of dark brown spots cross the tegmina at about centre, a dark brown fascia at bases of upper apical areas, a few small subapical spots and some small marginal spots of the same colour. Wings brownish- ochraceous, paler at apex than at base and very pale across centre, with a white marginal spot near anal angle ; the venation brown. The rostrum reaches the basal abdominal segment ; the lateral margins of the pronotum are distinctly angulated ; the face is robustly gibbous, with a profound central longitudinal sulcation ; the posterior tibiae have three distinct spines on each side of apical half. Long. excl. tegm. $ . 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 millim.; exp. pronot. angl. 13 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Neelgiri Hills, northern slopes, 3500 & 5000 feet (Hampson — coll. Dist.). We are indebted to the exertions of Mr. G. F. Hampson for the discovery of this very interesting species. It was first captured in the month of May, and although a fair series of specimens were collected, they all belonged to the female sex, and the male is consequently still desiderated. * For the spelling of Indian localities I follow G. Smith's ' Student's Geography of India.' 12 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 11. Poecilopsaltria coelebs. (Tab. I., fig. 12, a, b.) Platypleura calebs, Still, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lend. ser. 8, vol. i. p. 578 (1868) ; Butl. Cist. Entom. vol. i. p. 188, n. 28 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 218, n. 7 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 146 (1886). Head ochraceous; front, excluding a central spot, margins of vertex between front and eyes, and a transverse fascia between the eyes black ; pronotum pale castaneous, the posterior and lateral margins ochraceous ; mesonotum castaneous, with four large obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central two smallest, a central discal elongate black spot and a small black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation; abdomen black, the tympanal coverings, and the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, rostrum and opercula ochraceous ; a transverse fascia between the eyes — enclosing a pale spot on face — inner margins of eyes, posterior margin of face and apex of rostrum black : abdomen beneath castaneous, with the posterior segmental margins and the apex ochraceous. Tegmina with about the basal half creamy opaque, shaded with pale fuscous, and more or less outwardly denned by an indistinct curved pale fuscous fascia, remaining area hyaline, costal membrane and venation dark ochraceous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and seventh apical areas slightly infuscated ; wings stramineous for about two-thirds their area from base, this coloration outwardly margined with fuscous, remaining area pale hyaline, the venation dark ochraceous. The rostrum extends a little beyond the inner angles of the opercula, which are somewhat well separated. Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 64 to 68 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Dekhan (coll. Dist.). CHINA: Chusan (Calc. Mus.). Three specimens are contained in the British Museum, but they are only labelled " East India." The species is probably widely distributed, but appears to be scarce in collections. 12. Poecilopsaltria nicobarica. (Tab. I., fig. 3, a, 6.) Platypleura nicobarica, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. xix. p. 811 (1877) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 213, 11. 5 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 147, n. 6 (1886). ? . Head and pronotum brownish-ochraceous ; anterior margin of front, a broad fascia between the eyes and the edges of the lateral dilated margins of the pronotum black ; mesonotum with four obconical black spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest, a central narrow lanceolate spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen blackish, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and rostrum ochraceous ; a narrow fascia between the eyes extending across anterior margin of face, central sulcation and posterior margin of face, black ; abdomen beneath very dark castaneous, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Tegmina with about the basal half ochraceous and opaque, with two spots on costal membrane, a spot in basal cell, and two in radial area dark brownish ; remaining area of tegmina pale hyaline ; a pale brown fascia not quite crossing tegmina a little beyond the opaque area, an oblique brownish fascia extending across the apices of the upper three ulnar areas, and an irregular double series of brown spots near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings ochraceous, the outer margins and a transverse discal fascia near apex dark brownish, a spot on outer margin a little before inner angle creamy white. Far. a. (Tab. I., fig. 17.) Platyi/leura distincta, Atkinson, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 288 (1885). Differing from typical examples by the somewhat smaller and less intense black markings on the upper side of head and thorax, and by the wings having the subapical discal fascia fused with the outer margin. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 18 Long. excl. tegm. 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 7G millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14£ to 15 millim, Hab. — NICOBAR ISLANDS (Brit. Mus. — Gale. Mus. — coll. Dist.). We have no record as to the precise island, or islands, of the Nicobar group from which the specimens alluded to above have been derived. The species is allied to the following, — P.fulvigera, Walk., — but differs structurally by the width of the pronotal angles. According to my note-book, I once saw a specimen received from the Andaman Islands, but without more precise information it is unsafe to add that very probable habitat. 13. Pcecilopsaltria fulvigera. (Tab. I., fig. 2, a, b, var.) Platypleurafuhirjera, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 9, n. 14 (1850); Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 9 (1874) ; Waterh. Aid Went. Ins. t. 152, f. 6. Pacilopsaltrlafuh-igera, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeitscbr. x. p. 169 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, 1. 2 . Head and pronotum ochraceous ; some linear markings on front, a broken narrow fascia between eyes, and the edges of the lateral dilated pronotal margins, black ; mesonotum pale castaneous, with four black obconical spots on anterior margin, of which the two central ones are smallest, a narrow lanceolate discal spot (not seen on specimen figured), and a small black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen black, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and rostrum ochraceous; a narrow fascia between eyes containing a small pale spot on anterior margin of face, inner margin of eyes and apex of rostrum black ; abdomen blackish, with the posterior segmental margins and the anal appendage ochraceous. Tegmina with the basal half ochraceous and opaque, with a spot at base followed by a transverse fascia and a few scattered spots, and a spot on costal membrane, dark brownish ; remaining area pale hyaline, with the venation, a broad transverse fascia at end of opaque basal area and a short oblique fascia on apices of first and second ulnar areas dark brownish ; the transverse vein at apex of third ulnar area infuscated, and some minute brownish spots near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings ochraceous, the inner posterior margin and a short discal fascia near apex dark brownish. Var. a. — Wings having the subapical discal fascia fused with the outer margin, as in the specimen figured. Long. excl. tegm. 2 . 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 18 millim. Hab. — PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (Brit. Mus. — Stock. Mus.) ; Manilla (coll. Sign.). CELEBES (Meyer — Dresden Mus.). This species, which, as already pointed out, is allied to the preceding species, P. nicobarica, also varies in the same way as that species by the sometimes fused dark markings of the wings. The Philippine Islands are evidently the head-quarters of the species.* 14. Pcecilopsaltria sphinx. (Tab. VIIL, fig. 16, a, b, c.) Platypleura sphinx, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 18, n. 18 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 188, n. 20 (1874) ; Atkius. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 218, n. 6 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 145, n. 8 (1886). This species is only known to the writer by the types in the British Museum ; the original description is therefore here given : — " Body pale tawny, tinged with white, clothed with short, whitish hairs ; head narrower than the fore-chest ; crown adorned with two brown bands ; face very slightly convex ; mouth tawny, with a brown * A considerable number of Cicadidce are recorded from these islands, Stal, by the aid of Semper's collection, having enumerated or described twenty-eight species, which does not include some others described by Walker. At Zamboanga, Lord Geo. Campbell describes the woods as " alive with the thrilling buzz of large Cicadas, rejoicing in their new skins, while the old ones were still sticking under leaves and on the trunks of trees. You thought you had caught a Cicada asleep, but it was only his empty outside."—' Log-letters from the Challenger,' 1st edit. p. 238. E 14 ORIENTAL CICADID^E. tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes not prominent ; feelers dark tawny ; fore-chest broadest in the middle ; hind-scutcheon much widened, and almost angular on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with four obconical dark brown marks, the outer pair long, the inner pair short and pointing towards two dots of the same colour ; hind border very slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest ; opercula close ; drums of moderate size, nearly meeting, less than half the length of the abdomen ; legs pale tawny ; tips of the shanks darker ; claws pitchy, tawny at the base ; fore-thighs armed with tawny teeth, which hardly rise above the surface ; hind shanks beset with tawny spines whose tips are pitchy; fore wings whitish, brownish-tawny towards the base, and having elsewhere some irregular pale brown marks, which, here and there, include white spots; veins yellow; hind-wings brown, mostly yellowish-white towards the base, and having a large yellowish-white spot in the disk, white at the tips, and adorned with a white spot on the hind border, which elsewhere is brown ; flaps yellowish-white with broad brown borders. "Second marginal areolet as long as the first; first cross-vein nearly straight, slightly slanting, forming a very slightly obtuse angle, parted from the second by about five times its length ; second nearly straight, very slanting, forming a very obtuse angle, much more than twice the length of the first ; third nearly straight, very slanting, forming a very acute angle ; fourth slightly curved, slanting, forming a slightly acute angle, a little more than half the length of the third ; fifth curved, forming a slightly acute angle. In the left wing of an insect of this species the third cross-vein is not more than half the length of that in the other wing."* Long. excl. tegm. $ 16 rnillim. Exp. tegm. 46 milliin. Exp. pronot. angl. 8 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : North Bengal (Campbell, Warwick — Brit. Mus.). A female specimen of this species contained in the collection of the British Museum is here figured, and fig. 16, b, exhibits the under surface of the abdomen — showing opercula — of a male specimen in the same collection. Tegmina nearly altogether opaque. 15. Poecilopsaltria semusta. (Tab. L, fig. 10, a, b.) Paettoptatiria semusta, Distant, Anu. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 227 (1887). $ . Body dull ochraceous ; head with the front and a broad fascia between the eyes black, the last containing the ocelli and two small ochraceous spots ; pronotum with two central, discal, somewhat triangular, black spots, the lowermost largest and broadest, on each side of which are three narrow, oblique, black fasciae, or furrows, the lateral ampliated margins somewhat darker outwardly. Mesonotum with a large, black, central spot on anterior margin connected with the black margin of the basal cruciform elevation ; on each side of this central spot is a large, black, obconical spot, which nearly crosses the disk ; abdomen above dull castaneous, the segmental margins ochraceous. Head beneath with a broad black fascia between the eyes ; face ochraceous, the upper portion black, enclosing an ochraceous spot, the central snh-ation and transverse striations bright castaneous ; body beneath ochraceous, with darker shadings ; legs more or less tinged with castaneous; abdomen beneath as above; opercula brownish ochraceous, with the margins paler ; rostrum ochraceous, with the apex pitchy. Tegmina brownish, with the following creamy markings : — a short, macular, transverse fascia near base ; a broad, irregular, transverse, macular fascia near centre ; between the fascia and apex are two spots near post-costal area, each divided by a vein, and an outer irregular series of submarginal spots ; at the bases of apical areas the transverse veins are shaded with dark castaneous. Wings brownish, some basal streaks and central macular markings ochraceous ; marginal fringe very pale ochraceous. The rostrum about reaches the apex of the basal abdominal segment ; the opercula are angularly rounded, do not overlap, and are well separated from each other ; the face has a central, deep and broad, * The description of these areolets is valueless. They are not altogether constant in form, and, if they were, afford little clue to the identification of species. ORIENTAL C1CADIDM. 15 longitudinal sulcation extending through its lower two-thirds, and it is also transversely striated to that extent. Long. excl. tegm. 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 55 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10 millim. Hab. — CHINA: Chusan (Calc. Mus.). I have only seen one specimen of this well-marked and interesting species. 16. Poecilopsaltria westwoodi. (Tab. L, fig. 18, a, i.) Platyplcui-H U','!<tiroodii, Still, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. ser. 3, vol. i. p. 571 (1868) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 186, n. 13 (1874). I do not possess this species, and the following is Stal's description : — " Eemote sericea, pallide olivaceo-virescens vel flavescens, macula media fasciaque utrimque lateral! verticis, macula vel fascia lata genarum, maculis nonnullis minutis thoracis, maculis quattuor basalibus, duabus discoidalibus minoribus pone medium maculaque sublaterali oblongo-obtriangulari sctitelli, fasciis basalibus segmentorum abdominis, dorsalibus latis, ventralibus angustis, tarsis anterioribus totis basique tarsorum pbsticorum, vitta exteriore tibiarum anticarum nee non alis nigro-fuscis aut nigris, harum fascia latissima irregular! media, limbum posteriorem baud attingente, limboque testaceo-flavescentibus ; tegminibus fuscescentibus, fascia obliqua prope basin sordide testaceo-flavescente, macula subcostali longe ante medium maculaque discoidali pallide testaceo-flavescentibus, pellucidis, maculis nonnullis majusculis pone medium in seriem transversam subcontinuam dispositis, macula subcostali prope apicem, maculisque quattuor marginis apicalis vitreis, anastomosibus obscurius fusco-marginatis, areis apicalibus apice et prope apicem ad venas longitudinales maculis parvis geminis obscure fuscis notatis 2 . " PI. phalcenoidi, Walk.,* a qua PL interim, Walk.,* baud distingui potest, quoad formam thoracis affmis, aliter picta ; differt prseterea statura minus crassa, capite proportionaliter latiore, ocellis plus duplo longius ab oculis quam inter se remotis, frontis sulco longitudinali minus profundo, costa basin versus minus dilatata, maculis vitreis tegminum multo paucioribus et minoribus, genitalibus feminse magis productis, metasternique basi inter pedes intermedios magis producta." Long. excl. tegm. 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 15 millim. Hab. — CEYLON (Hope Coll., Oxford — Calc. Mus.). The male specimen here figured is in the collection of the Calcutta Museum. It is another of those rare species in Museums, which rather show the want of interest felt in these insects by collectors than the scarcity of the species itself. 17. Poecilopsaltria hilpa. (Tab. L, fig. C, a, 6.) Platypleura hilpa, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 6, n. 10 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 6 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 149, n. 12 (1885). Platy pleura fenestrata, Uhler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. p. 282 (1861). Pcecilopsalti-ia hilpa, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeitscbr. x. p. 169 (1866). Head and pronotum dark ochraceous ; a curved fascia on front, a spot above insertion of antennae, and a transverse fascia between eyes, black ; pronotum with a central discal longitudinal fascia, widened posteriorly, black, the extreme lateral margins also more or less infuscated ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin, the central two shortest, a central longitudinal lanceolate spot, and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen black, the posterior segmental margins a little paler, the tympanal coverings ochraceous ; head beneath, sternum, opercula, legs and rostrum ochraceous ; a subquadrate black spot with its centre ochraceous on anterior margin of head between eyes and face ; face black, its anterior margin ochraceous, the edges of the * = Platypleura repanda, Linn. 16 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. transverse striations castaneous, posterior margins of face, dfsk of mesosternum and basal margins of opercula blackish ; abdomen beneath very dark castaneous, greyishly pilose, the posterior segmental margins pale castaneous. Tegmina nearly totally opaque, pale brownish, the costal membrane and venation ochraceous ; basal area and an ill-defined transverse or macular fascia crossing centre, pale creamy ochraceous, a transverse fascia at about one-third from apex and the marginal fringe creamy-white ; a double series — sometimes connected — of small pale brownish spots near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings pale ochraceous, outer margins, excluding anal area, and an oblique discal fascia — connected with the marginal fascia — dark brownish, a marginal spot near anal area pale creamy-white. The opercula meet at inner angles, but by a malformation they do not do so in the specimen figured (fig. 6, 6) ; the rostrum just passes the posterior coxae. Long. excl. tegrn. 20 to 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 to 63 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 10£ millim. Hab. — CHINA (Churchill— coll. Dist.) ; Hong Kong (Bowring — Brit. Mus.) ; Chusan (Gale. Mus.). This species seems clearly located in China, though I possess a specimen labelled " India," to which habitat I bestow no credence whatever. In a little-worked family like the Cicadidce, I have frequently acquired specimens with most erroneous locality labels, and the only surprise is that the older authors were not in this way more frequently led astray. 18. Pcecilopsaltria ciliaris. (Tab. I., fig. 4, a, I.) Cicada, ciliaris, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 436, n. 12 (1758) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 155, n. 2 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. ed. xii. 1, 2, p. 706, n. 8 (1767) ; Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 757, n. 52 (1790) ; Germ, in Thon. Ent. Arch. ii. 2, p. 2, n. 18 (1880); Germ. Silb. Rev. Ent. ii. p. 78, b (1834). Cicada ocellata, DeGeer, Meni. iii. p. 220, n. 16, t. 33, f. 2, 3 (1778) ; Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 751, n. 21 (1790). Cicada varia, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 756, n. 44 (1790). Tettigonia marmorata, Fabr. Syst. Ehyng. p. 88, n. 24 (1803). Cicada marmorata, Germ, in Thon. Areli. ii. 2, p. 2, n. 17 (1880). Platypleura arcuata, Walk. Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 1 (1858) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184, n. 4 (1874). Platypleura catocaloides, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 82, n. 1 (1867) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184, n. 8 (1874). Platypleura ciliaris, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 3, n. 2 (1869) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, n. 1 ; Butl. (part), Cist. Ent. i. p. 185, n. 7 (1874); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 144, n. 2 (1886). Platypleura varia, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 184, n. 5 (1874); (excl. habitat). Stoll, Cig. fig. 147. Body above greenish-ochraceous ; margins of front, area of ocelli, a central longitudinal fascia, two short curved discal fasciae and the oblique furrows to pronotum, black ; mesonotum with four, sometimes six, obconical spots to anterior margin, the central two small, the outer two sometimes broken, thus forming four spots (as in specimen figured), a central lanceolate spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; posterior segmental margins and the anal appendage black. Body beneath greenish-ochraceous, sometimes dark castaneous ; a spot at base of face, margins of apex of face, apices of the rostrum and tarsi, black. Tegmina greenish- or brownish-ochraceous, opaque, and greyishly pilose ; two spots on costal membrane, an oblique transverse fascia near base, two converging fasciae near apex and a double or fused series of small spots near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas dark brownish. Wings ochraceous, the outer margins, an oblique discal fascia near apex (sometimes connected with base), and sometimes the margins of the anal area chocolate-brown. The opercula in the male very slightly overlap at their inner angles ; the rostrum reaches, but does not pass the posterior coxae. ORIENTAL CICADID&. 17 Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 62 to 70 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 11 to 12 millim. Hab.— COCHIN CHINA (coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper— Stock. Mus.) ; Ternate (V. Lansberg— LeydenMus.). MOLUCCAS: Amboyna (Wallace — Brit. Mua. ; Beccari — Genoa Mus. ; Hoedt — Leyden Mus. ; Forbes — coll. Dist.) ; Ceram (Bruss. Mus. ; Wallace — Brit. Mus.). This species is closely allied to the preceding, P. hilpa, from which it differs by the much darker and more opaque tegmina, but the structural differences are very slight, and I fully expect a long series of specimens from other localities will prove both to be but varietal forms of one species. Typical P. hilpa is found in China, and typical P. ciliaris in the Moluccas, whilst my specimen, derived from Cochin China, is both intermediate in locality and somewhat intermediate in appearance. Mr. Butler, in his "Monographic list" of the species of Platypleura, has fallen into obscurity over this species, for he keeps the P. catocaloides, Walk., and P. arcuata, Walk., as distinct species, though he states that the last is probably only a "local form" of the first. But as P. arcuata was described nine years before P. catocaloides, in classification the position should be reversed. Again, Mr. Butler has applied the name P. ciliaris, Linn., to an African species, apparently in ignorance that Stal, five years previously, had, in his ' Hemiptera Fabriciana,' identified and localised it as above. 19. Poecilopsaltria andamana. (Tab. I., fig. 9, a, b.) Platypleura andamana, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 174 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 214, n. 8 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 146, n. 5 (1886). Platijpleura roepstorjfii, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 214, u. 9 (1885). Tawny, pubescent ; a spot on each side of front, and a transverse fascia between the eyes, black ; eyes dark shining castaneous ; pronotum with two very small foveate pitchy spots placed close together near centre of posterior margin ; mesonotum with two large obconical spots on anterior margin, and having between them on disk a narrow lanceolate longitudinal spot, a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, and an obscure fasciate spot on each side of the central obconical spots, black ; abdomen blackish, the posterior segmental margins oehraceous and strongly and palely pilose ; body beneath and legs brownish oehraceous. Tegmina brown, opaque, with pale semi-opaque markings, especially on the apical half; basal third thickly covered with pale pubescence, and containing five dark brown spots, situate two in the radial area, one at base of third, and two in fourth ulnar area ; remainder of tegmina less pubescent, with a number of greyish-white spots, of which the most prominent are a transverse series crossing tegmina at end of apical area, and another waved series commencing about middle of upper ulnar area, where they are very distinct beneath, the apical areas greyish-white ; a double row of small brown spots on and near the apices of the longitudinal veins to the apical areas ; a dull whitish spot on inner angle of outer margin, which is very prominent beneath. Wings very pale castaneous, with a dark brown outer margin, and some suffused dark brown discal streaks. Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 24|- millim. Exp. tegm. 76i to 84 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 14 millim. Hab. — ANDAMAN ISLANDS (Calc. Mus., Stock. Mus., coll. Dist.). The figure is taken from a male specimen in the collection of the Calcutta Museum, the original description being that of the female sex only. It is a somewhat difficult species to accurately describe, but it is very distinct and easily recognised. According to present knowledge, it is quite confined to the Andaman Islands. 18 ORIENTAL CICADIDM, Two species now remain to be enumerated, which are only known to the writer by the descriptions of the same, and in one case by a very indifferent figure. 20. Poecilopsaltria affinis. Tettiyonia affinis, Fabricius, Syst. Eliyng. p. 87, n. 22 (1808). Cicada affinis, Germ, in Thon. Ent. Arch. ii. 2, p. 1, n. 6 (1880) ; Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 79, d (1884). Platypteura affinit, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 8, 7 (1850). Pcecilopsaltria affinis, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 4, n. 1 (1869) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 2 (1885) ; ibid. IT. p. 148, n. 1 (1886). The following is Stal's description, derived from an examination of the type : — " Pallide olivaceo-flavescens vel virescens ; loris, margine excepto, clypeo, carina excepta, maculis parvis duabus apicalibus lineisque duabus transversis versus basin frontis, fascia genarum, macula ocellos includente, maculis duabus ad oculos lineaque transversa interdum oblitterata verticis, linea latiuscula intramarginali laterali thoracis, maculis quattuor basalibus, mediis majusculis, vitta obliqua laterali angusta, posterius abbreviata, maculisque tribus parvis posterioribus scutelli, limbo basali segmentorum dorsi abdominis maculaque laterali segmentorum quattuor ultimorum ventris nigris ; tegminibus opacis, flavo-albidis, fusco-nebulosis, macula media arese radialis maculaque medium arearum ulnarium primae et secundffi occupante pallidioribus, areis apicalibus, exceptis area tota octava et partibus basali et apicali arese primes, vitreis, decoloribus, venis ulnaribus apice et prope apicem utrimque macula parva fusca notatis ; alis lutescentibus, vitta angusta parteque apicali extus late, intus angustius obscure fuscis, hac parte ad venas, limbo enervi areaque anali dilute lutescentibus. "Caput obtusum, fronte leviter convexa; parte verticis apicali laterali, inter frontem et oculos jacente ; froutis parte subbasali latitudine subsequali ; clypeo apice sinuato-truncato. Ocelli ab oculis quam inter se plus duplo longius remoti. Thorax lateribus valde angulato-dilatatus, angulis suberectis, apice imo rotundatis. Latera area ulnaris interioris pone medium subparallela. Metasternum elevatum, medio longitrorsum irnpressum, antice sinuatum. Limbus enervis tegminum et alarum sque latus. " Long. corp. 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 77 millim. " Patria : INDIA ORIENTALIS (Mus. Lund.)." 21. Pcecilopsaltria capitata. Cicada capitata, Olivier, Enc. Meth. v. p. 754, 84, t. 112, f. 10 (1790). Stoll, Cig. p. 76, t. 19, f. 103. It is quite possible that Olivier only described this species from Stoll's figure :— " Elle a un pouce de longeur, depuis la tete jusqu'a 1'anus, et trois et demi de largeur, lorsque les ailes sont etendues. Elle est noiratre. La tete est verdatre, tres-large ; les yeux sont gris ; les petits yeux lisses sont rouges. Le corcelet est brun anterieurement. Les elytres et les ailes sont transparentes, avec un peu de gris ; les elytres ont deux bandes noiratres, transversales ; la plus pres de 1'extremite des elytres part de leur bord exterieur, et n'atteint pas le bord interne : on voit pres de 1'exterieur de petites taches ou quelques traits noiratres. L'abdomen est conique et pointu. Les pattes sont brunes." Measurements taken from Stoll's figure : — Long. excl. tegm. 82 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 millim. Exp. pronot. angl. 17 millim. Hab.— " Ceylon." I have not reproduced Stoll's figure, as it is evidently of an imperfect nature, and Olivier's figure is merely a copy of that of Stoll. It is clearly allied to the P. subrufa, Walk. ORIENTAL CICADIDtf;. 19 Genus PLATYPLEURA. Platypleura, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 466 (1848) ; Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. pp. 2 & 9 (1806) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 144 (1886). Ojypleura, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 469 (1848). General characters of Pcecilopsaltria, but distinguished from that genus by having the head, including eyes, not or scarcely broader than the base of the mesonotum. This genus has a wide and almost conterminous distribution with that of Pacilopsaltria. It is found in tropical and subtropical Africa, where it is most abundant and largely represented, exists more sparingly in the Oriental region, and enters the Pala3arctic fauna at Japan. My catalogue of this genus enumerates thirty-four species, but of these five only are found in this fauna, thus being in marked contradistinction to the preceding genus, as Platypleura is focussed in the Ethiopian, as Pcecilopsaltria was shown to be in the Oriental region. Here we have two genera closely allied, but separated by the relative widths of the head and mesonotum. In Africa the more contracted head is in the ascendancy, and Platypleura is the dominant genus, whilst in the Oriental region the positions are reversed, and Pcecilopsaltria, with the widened head, reigns supreme. Such facts find their place in the ever-increasing evidence for what is usually called the "Darwinian theory," and although their bearing or explanation is not at once seen, they become part and parcel of the great "case" which is now being so widely recognised by naturalists and students of all orders and of diverse views. A. Wings, excluding margin, opaque. 1. Platypleura repanda. (Tab. I., fig. 7, a, b.) Cicada repanda, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 707, n. 17 (1767) ; Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 159, n. 6 (1764) ; Gmel. ed. Syst. Nat. i. 8, p. 2097, n. 17 (1782) ; Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 754, n. 86 (1790) ; Germ. Thon. Arcb. ii. p. 220 (1880); Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 78 (1884). Tettitjonia repanda, Pabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 821, n. 16 (1781) ; Mant. Ins. ii. p. 267, n. 20 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 28, 24 (1794) ; Syst. Bbyng. p. 41, n. 89 (1803). Fidicina? repanda, Walk, (part), List Horn. i. p. 90, n. 22 (1850). Platypleura phaleenoides, Walk. List. Horn. i. p. 4, n. 9 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 186, n. 11 (1874) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 480; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 8 (1885). Platypleura interna, Walk. List Horn. iv. p. 1119, n. 80 (1852). Platypleura repanda, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 150, n. 14 (1886) ; Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 453 (1888). Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous, with the following black markings : — head with a spot on each side of base of front, a narrow transverse waved fascia between eyes, and some spots on disk of vertex ; pronotum with a central longitudinal fascia, widened posteriorly, some curved fasciae behind eyes, and the anterior portion of the dilated lateral margins ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin— the central ones shortest — a lanceolate central discal spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen blackish, clothed with yellowish pile, and the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Head and sternum beneath thickly clothed with yellowish pile ; the longitudinal sulcation, and some of the transverse striations to face, black ; legs pale castaneous, femora with a dark spot at base and apex ; opercula black, the outer margin narrowly ochraceous ; abdomen beneath black, clothed with yellowish pile. 20 ORIENTAL CICADID&. Tegmina with basal half opaque, greenish-ochraceous ; two fuscous spots on costal membrane, two in radial area enclosing a semihyaline spot, a spot of the same colour beneath apex of radial area enclosing two very small semihyaline spots and a large irregular transverse fuscous fascia crossing tegmina beyond radial area, enclosing two semihyaline spots situate in the third and fourth ulnar areas, and another similar spot situate in the lower apical area; remaining area of tegmina hyaline, with the venation greenish-ochraceous, and a large fuscous subapical fasciate spot extending across the apices of the first, second and third ulnar areas, stretching outwardly across the third and fourth apical areas and then continued to apex, and a double series of small fuscous irregular- shaped spots on and near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings opaque, ochraceous, the apical area and apex of anal area dark castaneous, outer margin pale hyaline. The rostrum just passes the inner angles of the opercula, which slightly overlap and are outwardly convex.* Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 to 78 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Kashmeer Valley (Leech — coll. Dist.) ; North Bengal (Campbell — Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Gale. Mus. ; Stock. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Himalaya (sic) (Dohrn — Leyden Mus.) ; Assam (Warwick — Brit. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Stainsforth — Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Kakhien Hills (Fea — Genoa Mus.). Far. a. (Tab. I., fig. 11, a, b.) Platypleura assamensis, Atkinson, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 212, n. 4 (1884). Body less robust and smaller in size than is usual in typical specimens, markings of the tegmina much paler in hue. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Darjeeling (Stock. Mus.). ASSAM : Seebsager and Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.) ; Khasi Hills (Chennell — coll. Dist.!. This species has always been found in every collection of Cicadidce examined by the writer that has been derived from the North-Eastern Provinces of Continental India, to which and Burma, its head-quarters at least appear to be confined.- The variety, \ — assamensis, Atkins., — has also been found in most of the collections where the species was represented by a fair number of specimens. 2. Platypleura kaempferi.| (Tab. I., fig. 14, a, b.) Tettu/onia kampferi, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv. p. 23, n. 25 (1794) ; Syst. Ehyng. p. 41, n. 40 (1803). Cicada kampferi, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 117, n. 34 (1850). Platypleura ktr,»ipferi, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 189, n. 27 (1874). Platypleura hyalino-limbitta, Sign. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6), t. 1, p. xlii (1881) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 150, n. 13 (1886). Platypleura J'uscani/ttlis, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 189, n. 29 (1874). Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous ; head with the following black markings : — a narrow transverse fascia on front, a transverse fascia between eyes, forming a spot at area of ocelli, continued on inner margin of eyes, two small discal spots, and a fasciate spot at anterior lateral angles of vertex; pronotum with a central longitudinal fascia widened anteriorly and posteriorly, the oblique furrows and the lateral dilated margins black ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin (the central ones * I havejfelt it superfluous to describe very fully in words the structural differential characters of the face, rostrum, and opercula, having given diagrams of the same, which are more useful and explanatory. f In treating other entomologists' " species " as " varieties," I am, of course, — in the absence of breeding experiments, — expressing my own views alone, on the basis of reasons already given (antea, p. 3). The value of these specific discussions has long since been exposed by Darwin. \ Named after E. Ksempfer, physician, naturalist, and zoological traveller. He travelled in Persia and various parts of India ; but is best known by his ' History of Japan,' which was translated from the original High Dutch by Scheuchzer, and published in two folio volumes in 1728. Ksernpfer was born in 1051 and died in 1713. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 21 shortest), a lanceolate discal spot much widened posteriorly and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen black, the tympanal coverings and posterior segmental margins dull ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs dull ochraceous; central sulcation and posterior margins to face ; a fascia between eyes and face, some obscure sternal spots, and a spot at base of opercula, black ; abdomen beneath blackish, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Tegmina with about the basal half opaque and creamy ochraceous, costal membrane with two fuscous spots, and the following fuscous fasciae : — one basal, one oblique, passing through centre of radial area and terminating at apex of lower ulnar area, and a broad, waved, and irregular fascia commencing at apex of radial area and united with the preceding fascia at apes of lower ulnar area ; between the second and third fasciae are some small fuscous spots and a semihyaline spot near end of radial area, and a similar spot in lower apical area, remainder of tegmina hyaline, with a broad subapical fuscous fascia extending to apex of third ulnar area, an apical fuscous spot and some irregular small fuscous spots on the apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings dark fuscous, with the outer margins pale hyaline. The opercula are pale fuscous, with their outer margins ochraceous, overlapping at centre, outwardly convex, but somewhat oblique at their lateral margins ; the face is considerably compressed, with the central sulcation broad and somewhat deep. Long. excl. tegm. 21 to 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 to 73 millim. Hab. — CHINA (coll. Sign.) ; Shantung (coll. Dist.) ; Shanghai (Fortune — Brit. Mus.) ; Chusan (Calc. Mus.). JAPAN (Bligh — Brit. Mus.; Lewis — coll. Dist.) ; Yokohama (Genoa Mus.). This species appears to be quite confined to China and Japan. Mr. Butler has described, under the name of P.fuscangulis, a specimen which seems to be but a slight variety of P. faempferi, and he has given it the habitat of " Sarawak (Wallace)." I think it more than probable that a mistake has been made with this habitat, and I have refrained from adding it to the localities given above. B. Wings partly hyaline. 3. Platypleura nobilis. (Tab. I., fig. 13, a, b.) Cicada nobilis, Germar, Thon. Arch. ii. 2, p. 9 (1830) ; Silberm, Eev. Ent. ii. pt. 11, p. 82, n. 60 (1884). Cicada hemij>tera, Guer. Voy." Belang. Ind. p. 500 (1834). Platypleura semihidda , Walk. List Horn. i. p. 20, n. 27 (1850). Platypleura rjemina, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 21, n. 28 (1850) ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 191, n. 81 (1874). Platypleura nobilis, Stul, 6"fv. Vet. Ak. Furh. 1862, p. 479 ; Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 191, n. 80 (1874) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 215, n. 11 (1885). Head, pronotum, and mesonotum brownish, or greenish-ochraceous ; head with the area of the ocelli, the inner margin of the eyes, and a short fascia between the ocelli and the eyes, black ; pronoturn with a rounded black linear fascia behind the eyes and a somewhat triangular spot on inner edge of posterior margin black, the lateral dilated angles infuscated ; mesonotum with four obconical spots on anterior margin, the central ones shortest, a lanceolate central spot and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black ; abdomen greenish- or brownish-ochraceous, the two basal segments, an obscure central longitudinal fascia, the basal segmental margins, and in the female generally the anal segment, black. Body beneath ochraceous ; central sulcation to face, inner margin of eyes, some small and obscure sternal spots, nietasternum at base of opercula, lateral margins of abdomen and apex of rostrum, black. Tegmina with about basal half opaque and very pale ereamy-ochraceous, two spots on costal mem- brane, the basal cell, three spots in radial area — the smallest at base and apex, the largest a little before centre — a large spot on claval area, and a broad oblique fascia commencing at end of radial area and widened inwardly between third and fourth ulnar areas — where it encloses a pale spot — fuscous ; remaining G 22 ORIENTAL CICADID&. area of tegmina pale hyaline, with an oblique fuscous fascia much waved and angulated near apex and a series of small fuscous spots on and near apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings dark fuscous, with the outer margins, or nearly the apical third, pale hyaline ; abdominal area pale hyaline, slightly infuscated. The rostrum is long, reaching considerably beyond the posterior coxae and to near the posterior margin of the overlapping interior angles of the opercula. Var. a. Wings with the fuscous area containing a distinct oblique ochraceous ray. Long. excl. tegm. 15 to 17 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 to GO millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Garo Hills (Chennell — coll. Dist.) ; Samagooting (Calc. Mus.) ; Munjpoor (Calc. Mus.). SUMATBA (V. Langsberg — Bruss. Mus; Hagen — Leyden Mus.). JAVA (V. Lansberg — Bruss. Mus.; Hagen — Leyden Mus.). The var. a described above appears to be a purely continental race, and I have been unable to trace an example in the large collections from Java and Sumatra which have passed through my hands. P. nobilis varies in size, and in the intensity of markings to the tegmina ; in some specimens also the basal opaque coloration to the tegmina is of a pale brownish-green hue. Walker gave as locality for the example he described under the name of P. cjemina (supra), " Cape Good Hope," which has been copied by Butler, but is clearly erroneous. 4. Platypleura insignis. (Tab. I., fig. 15.) Platypleura insignis, Distant, J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 39, t. 2, f. 2 |_1879) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 216, n. 12 (1885). Body testaceous, thickly covered with griseous pubescence. Pronotum and mesonotum not differing in structure and markings from P. .nobilis, Germ., but more pubescent ; sternum and abdomen above and beneath also resembling that species ; rostrum with the apex pitchy and extending to a little beyond posterior coxa ; legs pale ochraceous, anterior and intermediate tarsi with the base, apex and claws pitchy. Tegmina pale hyaline, with the venation, costal membrane, costal afea, radial area (excepting almost apical half) and a large basal patch transversely terminating from near the apex of the radial vein to the apex of the lower ulnar area, fulvous covered with griseous pubescence ; the radial area is hyaline from about its centre (where it is darkest in colour) to near the apex, which is narrowly fulvous and has a subconical fuscous spot on its outer border. A double series of small spots situate on and near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas, and an irregular series of spots situate at the apices of the ulnar areas, black. Wings pale hyaline, with the venation fulvous and with a large black basal patch. Allied to P. nolilis, Germ., but the tegmina and wings are very distinct, the dark opaque portions being much less in each than in that species ; the rostrum is also shorter in length, and the opercula do not so much overlap as in P. nobilis. Long. excl. tegm. 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 45 millim. Hab. — UPPER TENASSEKIM* (Limborg — Calc. Mus.). The typical specimen described ten years ago, and now contained in the Calcutta Museum, is the only example of this species I have yet seen. := We possess little information as to the Gicadidce of Tenasserim. What we have comes from the pen of the late Eev. F. Mason, who wrote : — " One of the first objects that attracts the attention of an observer in some localities of the Karen jungles, is a clay tube several inches high, raised over a shaft sunk two or three feet in the ground, over which may be often seen a Karen, bending and inserting the extremities of a long branch of a thorny rattan, which after a few twists is withdrawn, bringing with it a grub that is deemed a great luxury." " The natives have a distinct name for the grub, and seem to be ignorant that it is the larva of the Cicada. This I was enabled to verify on one occasion by observing the exuviae of many of their pupae adhering by claws to the serrated bark of trees, with rents in their backs, out of which the perfect insect had escaped. The Karens, it may be observed, are no more barbarous in their taste than the civilized Greeks, for Aristotle testifies that they were an article of diet, both in their larva and perfect state, and one species is still eaten by American Indians. The most common species is small, and often flies into dwelling-houses." — ' Tenasserim ; or, Notes on the Fauna, Flora, &c., of British Burma and Pegu,' p. 385 (1852). ORIENTAL C 1C A DID M. 28 5. Platypleura badia. (Tab. VII., fig. 15, a, b.) Platypleura badia, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 458, t. iv. f. 6, a, b (1888). ? . Allied to P. insignis, Dist., but differing by the opaque markings to the tegmina being fulvous- brown ; the wings have the opaque coloration extending further from the base, where it is simply pale fulvous, and the body is fulvous-brown. The species, however, is structurally separated by the length of the rostrum, which reaches the base of the anal segment. Long. excl. tegm. 16 millim. Exp. tegm. 48 millim. Hab. — TENASSERIM : Houngdarau Valley (Fea — Genoa Mus.). Genus POLYNEURA. Pohjneura, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 92 (1842) ; Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 460, 856 (1848) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 3 (1866). Body robust and moderately elongate. Head including eyes about equal in width to the mesonotum at base ; ocelli farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face moderately convex, slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated and somewhat laminately expanded, obscurely and obtusely toothed near centre. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Meso- and metasternums sulcated. Tympana covered ; opercula short, and broad. Tegmina with the venation dense and furcate, reticulate towards apex, ulnar and apical areas numerous and ill defined. This genus is still represented by a solitary species, and its area of distribution is confined to Continental India and Burma. 1. Polyneura ducalis. (Tab. II., fig. 7, a, b.) Pohjneura ducalis, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 92, t. 24, f. 2 (1842) ; Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 460, n. 1 (1843) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 2 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 211, n. 1 (1886). Body above and beneath black ; eyes, the anterior lateral margins of vertex, and the anterior and posterior margins of pronotum, ochraceous ; femora reddish, their bases and apices and the tibia and tarsi black (coxse in some specimens also reddish). Tegmina brownish-ochraceous, the venation, costal membrane, and claval margin ochraceous ; the tegmina are also darker in hue for a little more than basal third. Wings ochraceous, in some specimens (as in the one here figured) irrorated with paler ochraceous, and the tegmina, as in the same figure, sometimes with a short transverse discal ochraceous fascia. The rostrum about reaches the posterior coxa; the opercula are short, not extending beyond the basal segment of the abdomen, their lateral margins oblique, their posterior margins convex and their inner angles overlapping. Long. excl. tegm. 35 to 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 to 110 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA ; Nepal (Hardwicke — Hope Mus. Oxford and Brit. Mus. ; North-Western Province, Kanikhet (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim and Assam (Gale. Mus.) ; Darjeeling (Stock. Mus. and coll. Dist.). BURMA: Eangoon (coll. Dist.). The specimen here figured is a female, which has proved to be the dominant sex in all the examples of the species which have passed through my hands; the females are also, from my measurements, larger than the males. ORIENTAL CICAD1D.E. Genus TACUA. Tacua, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 461, 859 (1848) ; Still, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 150 (1886). Body very robust and somewhat long. Head broad, truncate anteriorly, including eyes as broad as anterior lateral margins of pronotum ; ocelli a little farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face broad and convex, but somewhat compressed. Pronotum with the lateral margins convex, but not promi- nently ampliated or laminately expanded. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Metasternum centrally and longitudinally sulcated. Tympana covered; opercula long, extending a little beyond the middle of abdomen, their margins subparallel and slightly overlapping at centre. Tegmina opaque ; apical areas eight, interior ulnar area somewhat widened at apex ; wings excluding margins opaque. This genus is only represented by one large and very handsome species, and its distribution is focussed in the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and excepting a specimen received from the island of Penang, I have no knowledge of it from any other habitat. It certainly appears to be an insular and not a continental * genus. As in the genus Tosena, its species varies in an albinic manner. 1. Tacua speciosa. (Tab. II., fig. 9, a, b, and fig. 10, a, b, var.) Tettigonia speciosa, Illiger, Wied. Zool. Arch. ii. p. 145, n. 88, t. 2 (1800) ; Fabr. Syst. Rhyng. p. 33, n. 1 (1803). Cicada indica, Donov. Ins. Ind. Hem. t. 2, f. 3 (1800—3). Cicada specios/i, Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 1 ; Hem. t. 9 (1840). Tacua speciosa, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 462, n. 1 (1848) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 17 (1885); ibid. Iv. p. 151, n. 15 (1886). Body above black ; eyes, anterior pronotal margin (narrowly), posterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of the third, and the whole of the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, ochraceous ; basal cruciform elevation red, with its anterior angles black ; body beneath black ; lateral areas and margins to prosternum, a spot at lateral margins of third abdominal segment, and the lateral margins of the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, ochraceous. Tegmina black, costal membrane and venation dull reddish, outer margin narrowly creamy-white ; wings black, the outer margin (excluding anal area) creamy-white. Var. a. Tegmina and wings greyish -brown, the black coloration only observable at margins of the veins. Long. excl. tegm. 47 to 57 millim. Exp. tegm. 150 to 180 millim. Hab. — PENANG (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA (coll. Dist.; V. Langsberg — Bruss. Mus., Leyden Mus.). JAVA (Amy. & Serv.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Beccari — Genoa Mus,) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). According to Donovan, a single specimen of this species was found in Bengal by Mr. Fichtel, and deposited in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, but that habitat I consider liable to the greatest doubt. It may possibly be found in the Malay Peninsula, as a specimen has been received from the adjoining island of Penang, but I have hitherto seen no examples from the mainland, nor did I meet with the species myself when residing in that country. The pale-coloured variety is found with the normal form of the species, and I have quite recently received both, collected at the same time, from Kina Balu Mountain in Borneo. * The words "insular" and "continental," as here used, represent strictly subdivisions only of the "continental" area, bounded by the thousand-fathom line as generally understood in zoo-geographical distribution. Sumatra, Java, and Borneo thus form part of that " continental area," but in this work the areas have to be more finely drawn, and the cicadan fauna of these islands are compared with those of the surrounding continental lands. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 25 Genus GRAPTOPSALTRIA. G-raptopsaltria, Stul, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 8 (1866). Body robust, attenuated posteriorly. Head, including eyes, narrower than the anterior lateral margins of the pronotum ; ocelli wider apart from eyes than from each other ; rostrum extending to about posterior coxae. Pronotum with the lateral margins irregularly convex, not prominently ampliated or laminately expanded. Anterior femora robustly spined. Tympana practically covered; opercula short, broad, not extending beyond basal segment of abdomen. Tegmina opaque. Apical areas eight ; transverse vein at the base of the second apical area much curved ; interior ulnar area not distinctly widened at apex. Wings opaque ; apical areas six. This genus, represented according to present knowledge by one species, is known only from Japan, which thus contains an example of the opaquely coloured species having the tympana covered, and found in other portions of our fauna, in the genera Tacua and Tosena. 1. Graptopsaltria colorata. (Tab. II., fig. 8, a, b.) Gmptopsaltria colorata, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 169 (1866). Head black ; apex and base of front, anterior lateral margins, a small spot behind eyes, and two large discal spots to vertex castaneous ; ocelli and eyes ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous, the anterior and posterior margins, and two narrow central longitudinal fasciae, blackish ; extreme lateral margins cas- taneous. Mesonotum black, with two faint obconical spots at centre of anterior margin ; in some specimens there are a few small castaneous spots ; cruciform elevation castaneous, with its centre and apical angles black. Abdomen above black. Body beneath ochraceous, mottled with dark castaneous and blackish ; opercula dull ochraceous ; inner margin of eyes and margin of face blackish. Tegmina dark ochraceous, mottled with castaneous ; a narrow angulated linear fascia, commencing at apex of radial area and terminating at apex of inner ulnar area, and the apical area (irregularly) fuscous, a series of small pale submarginal spots near apices of apical areas. Wings dark, warm ochraceous, the outer margin and a subapical fascia castaneous, a small pale spot near apex of lower apical area. Long. excl. tegm. 30 to 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 92 to 118 millim. Hab. — JAPAN (Stockh. Mus. — Brit. Mus. ; Lewis — coll. Dist.). The females of this species — in all the specimens I have examined — have been invariably larger than the males. It does not appear to vary in markings or coloration, as a fine series passed through my hands, collected by Mr. George Lewis, in his Japanese entomological expeditions. Genus TOSENA. Tosena, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des H<5m. p. 462, 860 (1843); Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 8 (1866); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 151 (1886). Body robust and long. Head broad, including eyes, about equal in width to that of mesonotum at base ; ocelli twice the distance from eyes as from each other ; face convex, slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins more or less ampliated, or laminately^ expanded, and more or less distinctly toothed. Anterior femora distinctly spined. Metasternum elevated. Tympana covered; opercula short and broad. Tegmina usually altogether opaque ; apical areas eight ; interior ulnar area somewhat widened at apex ; wings opaque. 26 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. Tosena is one of the most conspicuous genera of the Cicadidce, and its species are all included in this fauna. The north-eastern districts of Continental India are its head-quarters, for here are focussed some of the largest and handsomest of its species ; it is also well represented in Burma, and from thence its distribution is extended throughout the Malay Peninsula to the south, and apparently northward as far as some portions of China. In the Malayan Archipelago it is not uncommon in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, and as I have seen representatives from Amboyna, it probably exists in other intervening islands, of which, however, we have at present no precise information. As in Tacua, albinic variation is not unfrequent. a. Tegmina uniformly black ; icings reddish ochraceous. 1. Tosena mearesiana.* (Tab. II., fig. 3, a, b.) Cicada Mearesiana, Westwood, Arc. Ent. vol. i. p. 98, n. xv. t. 25, f. 1 (1842). Tosena Mearesiana, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 468 (1843) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 19 (1885) ; ibid. Iv. p. 151, n. 17 (1886). Body and legs black or dark fuscous; ocelli and eyes pale castaneous; posterior margin of pro- notum, posterior margin of mesonotum (excluding cruciform elevation), posterior lateral margins of metanotum, a small spot on each side of face, and a large spot on posterior lateral margins of prosternum, ochraceous. Tegmina black, opaque. Wings reddish-ochraceous ; tbe venation, posterior margin, and anal area dark fuscous. Tbe rostrum extends to between the inner angles of the opercula, -which are short, broad, and well separated. Long. excl. tegm. S , 53 to 58 millim. ; 2 , 40 to 43 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 132 to 142 millim. ; 2 130 to 133 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Himalaya (sic. — Westw.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. — coll. Disk). According to present knowledge, this species appears to be confined to the neighbourhood of Sikkim. The females are much smaller than the males, and have their tegmina rather paler in hue. b. Tegmina black or dark fuscous, crossed by an oblique whitish fascia. c. Wings more or less black. 2. Tosena fasciata. (Tab. II., figs. 1 & 2, a, b.) Tettigonia fasdata, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 265, n. 2 (1787*) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 17, n. 2 (1794) ; Syst. Ehyng. p. 84, n. 3 (1808). Cicada fasciata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 747, n. 2, 1. 109, f. 1 (1790) ; Germ, in Thon. Arch. ii. p. 2, n. 11 (1830) ; Silb. Eev. Ent. ii. p. 75, n. 49 (1834) ; Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. p. 165, n. 2 (1840). Tosena fasciata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 462, n. 1 (1843). Stoll, Cig. fig. 16. Head and thorax above black ; an oblique spot near each anterior lateral angle of vertex of head, ocelli, eyes, two small spots on anterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of pronotum, posterior margin of mesonotum, a spot on each side of cruciform elevation, and the posterior margins of metanotum, ochraceous. Abdomen ochraceous, tha basal segment, tympanal coverings, and a central discal spot on the second and third segments, black. Head beneath, rostrum, sternum, legs, opercula, and basal segment * Named after Mr. Meares, by whom it was first Bent home. ORIENTAL C 1C A DID. E. 27 of abdomen black ; apices of coxae, apices of femora, extreme bases of tibite, rostrum near base, central portions of sternum, and tbe abdomen, ochraceous. Tegmina and wings blackish, the venation brownish-ochraceous ; tegmina with the base narrowly brownish-ochraceous and crossed by a narrow creamy fascia, commencing beneath and near the apex of radial area and terminating on posterior margin beneath the lower apical area. Far. a. — Wings with some obscure pale submarginal rays as in the specimen figured (Tab. II., fig. 1). Far. b. — Wings with the venation black and concolorous. Far. c. — Tegmina with the transverse creamy fascia much widened. Far. d. — Mesonotum with two central ochraceous spots (Tab. II., fig. 2). Long. excl. tegm. $ , 53 to 58 millim. ; 2 , 41 to 44 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 125 to 140 millim. ; S , 128 to 132 millim. Hab. — SUMATRA (Bruss. Mus. ; coll. Dist.). JAVA (V. Lansberg — Bruss. Mus. ; Forbes — coll. Dist.). BORNEO : Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.) ; South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.). AMBOYNA (Bruss. Mus.). I possess a specimen labelled " China," but do not care to attach much importance to that habitat without further corroboration. T.fasciata, according to present knowledge, is a purely insular form, and is replaced on the mainland by the following race ? or species ? T. melanoptera. In some specimens the posterior margin of the pronotum is green, and not ochraceous, but this colour difference does not constitute a distinct variety, as it is observed co-existent with the other aberrations already described under vars. a, b, c. 3. Tosena melanoptera. (Tab. II., fig. 5, a, b.} Cicada (T.) melanoptera, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xvii. p. 881 (1846). Tosena melanoptera, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 18 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 151, n. 16 (1886); Dist. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 454, n. 3 (1888). Allied to T.fasciata, but tegmina and wings darker in hue, the transverse creamy fascia to tegmina much less oblique ; pronotum without the small ochraceous spots at anterior margin, and the abdomen beneath more or less blackened, but prominently so near base and apex. Far. a. — Legs black, with the apices of the femora ochraceous. Far. b. — Legs uniformly black. Far. c. — Tosena albata. (Tab. II., fig. 4, a, b.) Tosena albata, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 175 ; Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. t. 147, f. 2 (1884) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, n. 20 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 152, n. 18 (1886). Tegmina with five longitudinal greyish fasciae, one occupying radial area, and the others divided by ulnar veins, two of which amalgamate with the transverse fascia, and five irregular greyish fascise situate in the apical areas. Wings with nine greyish ray-like fascise situate on outer margin, the one at anal area largest; two-thirds of the outer margin narrowly edged with greyish. Apices of the femora not ochraceous. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 58 to 62 millim. ; ? , 43 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 140 to 155 millim. ; ? , 180 millim. Hab.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : N.W.Himalaya (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim(Calc.Mus.); Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.; Elwes— coll. Dist.) ; N. Khasi Hills (Chennell— coll. Dist.) ; Sylhet (Stainforth— Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). BURMA : Bhamo (Fea — Genoa Mus.). This species ? or race ? seems to be only separable from T.fasciata by colour differences, the usual structural characters used in differentiation, such as the shape of the opercula, &c., .being apparently identical in both T. fascia ta and T. melanoptera. The internal structure of the 28 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. anal organs might prove of diagnostic value, but too much value may be placed on the constancy of such characters.* T. melanoptera, however, is only found on the mainland, whilst T. fasciata is as rigidly confined to the Malayan Islands — the distribution and close affinity of the two species ? being exactly parallelled in Khopalocera by Papilios agenor and memnon, of which the first (as I have previously pointed outf) is the continental and the second the insular species. 4. Tosena montivaga, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 6, a, b.) 3- . Head and thorax above black ; head with the eyes and the lateral margins and anterior angles of vertex, and two small spots on anterior margin of pronotum ochraceous ; lateral and posterior margins of pronotum, lateral margins and a large basal patch to mesonotum pale greenish inclining to ochraceous, the basal patch contains two small black spots ; abdomen above black, its apical area covered with greyish pile. Body beneath and legs black; face, eyes, a spot connecting face and eyes, lateral margins of prosternum, apices of femora, and a spot on coxae, ochraceous. Tegmina black, the costal membrane and venation pale greenish, and with a narrow oblique whitish fascia crossing tegmina beyond radial area. Wings black. ? . Differing from the male in having the transverse fascia to tegmina broader, the basal patch to mesonotum ochraceous (this is probably only varietal, or the result of discoloration), and the abdomen uniformly black, not greyish, at apex. In this species the lateral margins of the pronotum are not distinctly toothed, the rostrum passes the inner angles of the opercula, which are short and transverse, with their posterior margins oblique. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 51 millim. ; 2 , 41 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 130 millim. ; ? , 128 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills (coll. Dist.). This handsome and distinct species is allied to T. fasciata and T. melanoptera, from both of which it differs by the black abdomen, the pale basal patch t6 the mesonotum, the green costal membrane to the tegmina, and the narrow oblique pale fascia to same. The opercula are also different in shape, being shorter, broader, more nearly meeting at inner angles, and with their posterior margins obliquely straight. 5. Tosena depicta. (Tab. III., fig. 11, a, b.) Tosena depicta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 823 (1888). Head and thorax above black ; head with a spot at apex of front and a spot at each anterior angle of vertex, two central spots on anterior margin of pronotum, the posterior margin of pronotum, four spots in transverse series on mesonotum, and the posterior margin of mesonotum ochraceous ; the centre of basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen above reddish ochraceous, with a central, longitudinal, narrow, dorsal, fuscous fascia. Head beneath, sternum, a lateral fascia to opercula, and legs black ; a spot at base and one on each side of base of face ; coxae, apices of femora and tibiae, tarsi (excluding base) and rostrum (excluding apex) ochraceous. Body beneath ochraceous, the basal segment blackish. Tegmina dark olivaceous, the costal membrane and the venation reddish ochraceous, and with a trans- verse and slightly oblique greyish-white fascia near centre, not extending above the base of the second ulnar area ; posterior basal margin narrowly reddish ochraceous. Wings black, the basal area reddish ochraceous, with its posterior margin black. * See Mr. Beddard's account of some remarkable variations in the internal organs of a species of earthworm (Perionyx excavatus), as quoted in Wallace's ' Darwinism,' p. 66. t ' Bhop. Malayana,' p. 342, note. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 29 The rostrum reaches the apex of the basal abdominal segment, and the tegmina have their apices considerably attenuated. Long. excl. tegm. 36 millim. Exp. tegm. 90 millim. Hab. — BORNEO:* South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.). This species has probably a wider distribution, as Prof. Westwood informs me ho has apparently the same insect from Sumatra and Malacca. cc. Wings red, with the apex black. 6. Tosena dives. (Tab. III., fig. 10, a, b.) Cicada dives, Westwood, Arc. Ent. vol. i. p. 98, t. 25, f. 2 (1842). Tosena dives, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des He"m. p. 464 (1848). Huechys transversa, Walk. List Horn. Suppl. p. 40 (1858) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1868, p. 483 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 219, n. 26 (1885). Gaiana dives, Atkins. J. A. S.Beng. vol. liii. p. 221, n. 84 (1885). Body and legs black ; eyes ochraceous, apex of face castaneous. Tegmina blackish ; the venation, costal membrane, and a transverse fascia, — commencing at apex of radial area and terminating on posterior margin at lower apical area, — reddish ochraceous. Wings pale reddish, with about the apical third black. The face is very globose, and the rostrum extends to between the inner angles of the opercula. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 66 to 73 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA (Stevens — Brit. Mus.) : Sikkim (Calc. Mus. and coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Stainforth— Hope. Coll., Oxford). This species, according to present knowledge, has a very limited distribution. d. Basal areas of loth tegmina and wings more or less ochraceous. 7. Tosena sibylla. (Tab. IX., fig. 9, a, I.) Gaana sibylla, Stal, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 8, vol. i. p. 576 (1863); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol.lv. p. 156, n. 26 (1886). * The best and fullest information we have concerning the Cicadidce of Borneo is from the pen of Mr. Cuthbert Collingwood, who informs us : — " There are several species in Labuan and Pulo Daat, which make the woods resound. One of the most extraordinary of these singing insects utters a sound by no means unmusical. Just as the sun goes down, a loud, ringing whistle strikes up among the fern, or in some spot near the house, sometimes apparently almost in the verandah, which I can best compare to one smartly rubbing on very sounding musical glass, and keeping up for a long time a very loud and uninterrupted musical note. You may search in vain for the origin of the ringing sound, though it appears to spring from the very spot on which you may be standing, for a quiet approach will not disturb the insect, which, sitting in the mouth of its hole in the ground, whistles its monotonous and loud song, which is probably intensified by reverberation in the cavity. This insect seems to affect the neighbourhood of houses, and can only be seen by a patient and, withal, fortunate watcher. "But there are two or three species of Cicadas which are no whit inferior in noisy powers to the insect just mentioned (which I have been assured was a locust), though their notes have a different character. One of these makes a simple chirp, all night long, like our crickets. But there are two others which I will designate respectively the scissor-grindcr and the saw-wlietter. I shall never forget the first time of hearing the scissor-grinder in the jungle at Pappan when approaching the island in a boat, the noise being distinctly audible for at least a quarter of an hour before we reached the shore, and when there the resounding whir-r-i — whir-r-r — whir-r-r of the insect awakening the echoes of the forest was truly astonishing. After continuing this deafening sound for some time, it winds up with a protracted whiz-z-z-z which dies away just like the scissor- grinder's wheel when the treddle stops. Another which I heard at Coal-point closely resembled the whetting^ of a saw, but was not so common as the last ; and a third always began with a sort of warbling note, like a person blowing in water with a bird-whistle, very loud and somewhat melodious withal. These sing all day, even during the hottest hours. "The Cicadas are, however, very difficult to detect by the sight. They often sing high up in the trees, and I should still be doubtful of the' real nature of the songsters had I not once or twice, when peering curiously up into the tree, seen a Cicada quit its retreat and fly from among the leaves simultaneously with the discontinuance of the sound. But when in a bush near at hand, the ringing sound is of a peculiarly deceptive and ventriloquous nature. The noise they make is so loud that it thrills through the ears in a manner perfectly deafening. You approach the bush from which it appears to issue, and you even appear to have reached the very spot in which the animal is concealed, but nothing daunted, the insect continues its screeching, and you may peer about and look for a glimpse of it in vain. Your proximity does not disturb it, for it seems to think that it is quite safe in its concealment, and even thrusting a stick into the bush will not dislodge it, nor in all cases even stop the noise. At the same time one cannot be absolutely certain that it is really in that particular bush, for the mere intensity of the sound is not sufficient to fix its exact locality, though the thrill it sends through the ears proves it must be very near." — ' Kambles of a Naturalist on the Shores and Waters of the China Seas,' pp. 175 — 7. 30 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. This species being only known to the writer by the type in the British Museum (of which a figure is here given), the original description is also copied : — " Nigra ; tegminibus a basi vix ad medium subolivaceo-flavis ; alis ultra medium lutescentibus $ . " Statura G. maculates. Frons valde tumida. Thorax antice capite nonnihil angustior, lateribus ab apice ad medium parallelis, dein subito ampliatis. Tegmina costa et vena subcostali per totam longi- tudinem sat distantibus, venis ulnaribus basi sat distantibus, areis apicalibus longissimis, pritna, quarta et sexta aequilongis. Opercula subtriangularia, apice rotundata. " Long. 42, exp. tegm., 112 mill." Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA : Tringanu (Brit. Mus.) ; Jelebu (Baffles Mus. Singapore). Stal described this species from an unset specimen. I have to thank the authorities of the Zoological Department of the British Museum for having the tegmina and wings expanded, thus exhibiting the tympanal coverings, which show it to belong to the genus Tosena, and not to Gceana. e. Tegmina and wings partly hyaline, wings broadly greenish at base. 8. Tosena splendida. (Tab. II., fig. 6, a, b, var.) Tosena splendida, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xv. p. 76 (1878) ; Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. 1. 147, f. 1 (1884) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 217, a. 21 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 152, n. 19 (1886). Body above black ; front with a reddish spot at each basal angle ; eyes, two small spots on vertex, four large spots to pronotum (two on disk and one at each posterior lateral angle) and two spots on disk of mesonotum,* luteous. Body beneath and legs black; lateral margins of the face, a wide central annulation to femora, and a central discal series of subtriangular spots, sanguineous. Tegmina and wings — where not obscured by darker markings — pale hyaline, exhibiting varied opaline lustre, which in some lights is found to be ornamented with close and regular series of transverse darker striae ; tegmina at base (narrowly) and costal membrane shining blackish ; venation bright luteous and for two-thirds from base broadly margined with shining blackish, and a series of shining blackish marginal spots on the apices of longitudinal veins to apical areas largest and somewhat fused at apex ; claval area pale greenish. Wings pale greenish for nearly two-thirds their area from base ; remaining apical area shining blackish, enclosing a submarginal series of pale opaline spots, of which the largest are subapical. Far. a. — Typical, as described above (Waterh. Aid Ident. Ins. t. 147, f. 1). Far. b. Supra (Tab. II., fig. 6). In this variety all the markings are paler and more sombre in hue, the mesonotal spots practically absent, and the dark fuscous markings to tegmina and wings, not shining blackish. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 45 to 47 millim. ; ? , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. $ & ? , 122 to 127 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Naga Hills, 2000 to 6000 ft. (Chennell— coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills, 4500 to 6000 ft. (Chennell— coll. Dist.) ; Lushai Country (Calc. Mus.). BUKMA : Akyab (coll. Dist.). When first diagnosing this species, with only one of each sex before me, I was disposed to consider that the sexes usually differed in the manner there described. I have, however, since received other specimens, which prove the dark coloration to be the normal form of the species. * The specimen figured was somewhat faded, but the colorist has altogether ignored these spots. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 81 Genus LEPTOPSALTRIA. Leptopsaltria, Stul, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227 (1885) ; ibid. vol. lv. p. 157 (1886). Body moderately long and robust. Head somewhat narrowed anteriorly, including eyes about equal in breadth to the anterior margin of the mesonotum ; ocelli not quite twice the distance from eyes as from each other ; front somewhat conical and subprominent. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated and more or less distinctly toothed. Gense* internally near the apex at the base of the lores,* furnished with a tubercle or tumescence. Anterior femora distinctly and robustly spined. Eostrum extending beyond the posterior coxas. Tympana covered ; opercula short. Second and third abdominal segments in the male furnished with a well-developed tubercle near each lateral margin. Tegmina with the interior ulnar area not, or slightly, narrowed at apex. This genus of Cicadidce, with covered tympana and clear tegmina, is easily recognised in the male sex, by the character of the lateral tubercles to the second and third abdominal segments. In the Tibicenince we have a similar genus, separated by the tympana being practically uncovered, for which I propose the generic name Calcagninus. t The distribution of the genus is conterminate with the faunistic area embraced by this monograph, and every known species is thus included. a. Opercula with the posterior margins obliquely straight, the lateral margins usually oblique, sometimes slightly convex. 1. Leptopsaltria quadrituberculata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 6, a, b.) Cicada quadrituberculata, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 297 (1847). DunduUa quadrituberculata, Walk., List Horn. i. p. 78, n. 40 (1850); Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 60 (1864). Leptopsaltria quadrituberculata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 1. S . Body above ochraceous. Head with the lateral striations to front, a series of linear marks on vertex, and the area of the ocelli black ; eyes castaneous ; ocelli red. Pronotum with two central black lines, the posterior and inner lateral margins also black, and an irregular black spot on posterior margin near each lateral angle. Mesonotum with five black linear spots, the central one straight and crossing disk, the others situate two on each side, shorter and oblique, and with four small rounded black spots near base. Abdomen pale castaneous, sparingly clothed with greyish pile, the segrnental margins pale blackish ; lateral margins of the tympanal coverings also blackish. Body beneath, rostrum and legs ochraceous ; apices of face and gense, a fascia between eyes and face, a broad annulation at apices of anterior femora, anterior tibiae excluding apices, anterior halves — excluding apices — of intermediate tibiae, anterior tarsi excluding base, apex of rostrum, margins of opercula, abdominal tubercles, and apex of abdomen, black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; the first with the costal membrane and venation ochraceous with blackish shadings, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; wings with the venation ochraceous, more or less infuscated. ''•'• The terms "gense" and "lores" may be described in the words of Burmeister: — " The sides of the head, from the eyes downwards to the mouth, are called cheeks (genie). We again distinguish in them the anterior portion, extending as far as the articulation of the mandibles and maxillae, or the commencement of the mouth, by the name of reins or lora." — c .Manual Entomology,' Shuckard's translation, p. 51). t The author quoted by Burton, in his ' Anatomy of Melancholy,' as an authority for the power of music on the insect world, — "bees .... though they be flying away, when they hear any tingling sound will tarry behind." 32 ORIENTAL CICADID^E. The rostrum reaches the inner angles of the opercula, which are widely separated, their apical margins oblique, their lateral margins slightly convex. Long. excl. tegm. 41 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim. Hab. — JAVA (coll. Sign., coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Stockh. Mus. — Bruss. Mus.). CHINA (Bowring — Brit. Mus.). This is the largest species of the genus at present known to science. 2. Leptopsaltria mascula. (Tab. X., fig. 1, a, b.) Leptopsaltria mascula, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 420 (1889). c? . Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish ochraceous ; head with the margins of front, anterior margins of vertex, inner margins of eyes, and the area of the ocelli black ; pronotum and mesonotum with the following black markings : — pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae, widened anteriorly and rounded and united posteriorly, the incisures, a large spot on lateral margins and three spots on posterior margin, the central one smallest and linear ; mesonotum with five fasciae, one central, widened and somewhat cordate posteriorly, an abbreviated one on each side, followed by another completely crossing disk, and two small spots in front of the cruciform elevation. Abdomen castaneous, the segmental margins pitchy and a spot of the same colour at base. Head and thorax beneath, legs and opercula greenish ochraceous, face with black striae, head spotted with black, apices of the tibiae and tarsi blackish. Abdomen beneath castaneous, with the tubercles and apex black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; tegmina with the apex slightly infuscated, a small black and ochraceous spot at base of upper ulnar area and the transverse veina at bases of second and third apical areas darkly infuscated. The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are angulated, the outer and posterior margins nearly straight. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim. Hab. — BORNEO : Kina Balu Mtn. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). 3. Leptopsaltria samia. (Tab. VIII., fig. 11, a, I.) DundvMa samia, Walker. List Horn. i. p. 77, n. 89 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 47 (1888). The following is Walker's original description : — "Body green, tinged here and there with tawny : head much narrower than the fore-chest, pitchy about the eyelets, and with a pitchy streak on each side along the eye; mouth tawny, with a black tip reaching beyond the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers tawny ; scutcheon of the fore-chest adorned with a pale streak which is slightly widened in front and behind ; a pitchy spot on each side; hind-scutcheon narrow in the middle, slightly angular and much widened at the base of each fore-wing, slightly excavated on each side; scutcheon of the middle-chest ferruginous, adorned with some green marks, of these there is a large angular spot in the middle, on each side a forked mark, behind which there is a curved mark, and nearer each side a slight streak ; hind border slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, tawny, darker at the tip, longer than the chest, paler beneath ; opercula tawny, small ; drums pale green, small, far apart : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ; fore-thighs armed with three teeth, two of moderate size, one very small ; wings colourless ; fore border green, tawny beyond the brand ; veins green, adorned with a few black bands, tawny towards the tips ; cross-veins clouded with pale brown ; a row of pale brown spots near the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets ; fore-flaps brown ; hind-flaps brown between the middle veins and the fore border." Long. excl. tegm. 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 76 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : North India (sic) (Warwick — Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (coll. Dist.). ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 88 I have thought it best to reproduce the original description of this species, as the Sikkim specimen in my collection, and which is here figured, has the markings of the mesonotum faint and somewhat obliterated. It is closely allied to the preceding species, L. mascula, from which it structurally differs by the opercula, which are wider apart and have their posterior margins more oblique, the face is also less strongly striated. The abdomen beneath has the apex more broadly black, and the tegmina have a complete series of small fuscous marginal spots at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. 4. Leptopsaltria albistigma. (Tab. X., fig. 15, a, b.) Dundubia albistiyma, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 58, n. 18, (1850). This species is only known to the writer by the specimens in the British Museum, one of which is here figured, and therefore the original description — as far as necessary — is reproduced : — " Body 'tawny, somewhat ferruginous, covered with white down ; head a little narrower than the fore-chest ; some black marks on each side of the crown ; space about the eyelets also black ; face very convex, adorned in front with a broad black stripe, on each side of which there are black bands ; mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers black ; scutcheon of the fore-chest adorned in front with two triangular black spots ; hind scutcheon angular and slightly notched and armed with a very short tooth on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with five black stripes, the inner pair short, but succeeded by two black dots, the outer pair broad ; hind border very slightly excavated ; abdomen slightly obconical, larger than the chest, adorned on the hind border of each segment with a pitchy band which is widened on each side into a triangular spot ; four tubercles on the under side ; opercula dull tawny ; drums small, tinged with green, a little apart, not more than one-third of the length of the abdomen ; legs tawny ; claws black, tawny at the base ; fore-thighs armed with three black teeth, one very short, two very long; wings colourless, greyish at the base; cross-veins from the first to the fourth clouded with brown ; brands whitish ; veins tawny ; cross-veins and a few parts of the longitudinal veins black; flaps greyish at the base." Long. excl. tegm. 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 86 millim. Hab.— CHINA (G. T. Lay— Brit. Mus.). 5. Leptopsaltria nebulinea. (Tab. VIII., fig. 17, a, b.) Dundubia nebulinea, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x, p. 84, n. 10 (1867). Walker describes the female sex only as follows : — " Testaceous, partly greenish about the sides of the thorax. Head with a transverse black mark on each side of the front ; orbits of the ocelli black ; face with transverse piceous streaks along each side. Prothorax with a black line along the fore border ; the two usual black lines very incomplete ; fore border and hind border of the postscutellum black. Mesothorax with two slightly curved piceous lines, which are united behind, where they form a deep curve. Abdomen with a piceous line along the fore border of each segment ; tomentum shining, cinereous. Fore tibiae and anterior tarsi piceous. Wings pellucid ; veins ochraceous, partly black; stigma bright yellow; first, second, and third transverse veins clouded with dark brown ; a pale brown fusiform dot on each of the seven marginal veins ; a still paler diffuse brown streak in each of the marginal areolets." In the male the opercula are situate wide apart, their lateral margins slightly convex, their posterior margins obliquely straight. Long. excl. tegm. 22 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 to 74 millim. 84 ORIENTAL C1CADIDM. Hab. — SUMATRA (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). BORNEO: Sarawak (Genoa Mus.); South-East Eegion (Doherty— coll. Dist.). Walker described the species from a single female specimen only, but my collection now contains three males which differ very widely in size. The markings are, however, generally constant. 6. Leptopsaltria andamanensis. (Tab. X., fig. 12, a, fc.) Leptopsaltria andamanensis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 870 (1888). Body above reddish ochraceous, ocelli reddish. Pronotum with the centre of the anterior margin and the whole of the posterior margin (widest at centre) blackish. Mesonotum with two linear, blackish, obconical spots at anterior margin and a greenish fascia near each lateral margin. Abdomen with the segmental margins darker. Body beneath ochraceous, the abdominal tubercles blackish. Legs mutilated. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous. Tegmina with the costal membrane brownish ochraceous, a small costal fuscous and ochraceous spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at the bases of second, third, and fifth apical areas infuscated, and a series of small fuscous marginal spots situated on the apices of the longitudinal veins of apical areas. The rostrum has the apex piceous and just passing the posterior coxae. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 21 millim. Exp. tegm. 58 millim. Hab. — ANDAMAN ISLANDS (J. Wood-Mason — Calc. Mus.). b. Opercula with their apical margins more or less convex. 7. Leptopsaltria tuberosa. (Tab. VIII., fig. 7, a, b.) Cicada tuberosa, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 299 (1847). Dundubia tuberosa, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 78, n. 41 (1850). Leptopsaltria tuberosa, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 10, p. 170 (1866). Body above brownish ochraceous ; head with some lateral curved fasciae to front, some oblique fasciae to vertex, area of ocelli, and basal margin blackish ; pronotum with two central blackish longitudinal lines, the anterior margin, the edge of lateral margin, and a spot near each lateral area blackish, posterior margin greenish or ochraceous; mesonotum with the following blackish markings:— a narrow central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a short curved fascia ; these are followed by a short triangular spot on anterior margin, and then a broad oblique fascia on each lateral area unites with a large triangular spot in front of the basal cruciform elevation, and a fascia on each lateral margin uniting with the preceding fascia at base. Abdomen with the segmental margins blackish. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; abdominal tubercles blackish. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish ; tegmina with the costal membrane brownish, a blackish spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at the bases of second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a submarginal series of small fuscous spots placed near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Opercula small, situate wide apart, their apices broadly convex. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 27 to 82 millim. ; 2 , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 to 79 millim. ; 2 *, 84 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sikkim (Calc. Mus., coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills (Calc. Mus.). JAVA (coll. Sign., coll Dist.). JAPAN: Yokohama (Bruss. Mus.). This is not only a distinct, but evidently a widely distributed species, and its localities will be largely increased when the Cicadidce of Eastern Asia are more sought after by collectors. One specimen only. ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 85 8. Leptopsaltria pryeri.* (Tab. VIII., fig. 12, a, fc.) Leptopsaltria pryeri, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 688. Body above brownish-ochraceous ; head with the frontal margin, the area of the ocelli and the posterior margin (narrowly) blackish ; pronotum with an obscure central longitudinal sulcation, the edges of which are very slightly raised and darkened, commencing on anterior margin, but not extending through more than half the pronotal length, lateral and posterior margins ochraceous ; mesonotum with two obscure obconical spots on anterior margin, the edges of which are blackish ; abdomen beneath and legs pale brownish-ochraceous ; opercula inwardly and narrowly margined with blackish, abdominal tubercles dark castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline with a pale ochraceous tinge, venation brownish-ocbraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane brownish-ochraceous; a small dark costal spot at base of upper ulnar area; the transverse veins at the bases of second, third and fifth apical areas infuscated, and a sub- marginal series of small pale fuscous spots placed near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. The opercula are situate closer together than in the preceding species, L. tuberosa, and are alsa less convex, and have their apices more convexly angulated. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim. Hab. — BORNEO: Sandakant (Pryer — coll. Dist.). 9. Leptopsaltria tigrina. (Tab. X., fig. 6, a,, b.) Dundubia tiijrina, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 69, n. 81 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 45 (1885). Head and thorax above ochraceous ; abdomen brownish ochraceous. Head with the frontal margins, the area of the ocelli, inner margin of eyes, and an angulated fascia on each lateral area of vertex black ; pronotum with the anterior margin, two central longitudinal fasciae, and a semicircular lineate spot on each lateral area, black ; mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a shorter curved fascia, followed by a small costal spot, a broken irregular fascia on each lateral area, and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the cruciform elevation, black; abdomen with the segmental margins black. Thorax beneath, legs and opercula greenish ochraceous ; abdomen beneath pale" ochraceous, the tubercles, a spot near base and the apex black ; a transverse spot between face and eyes, a small spot at apex of face, and the apex of the rostrum black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, venation brownish-ochraceous, becoming fuscous towards apical areas ; tegmina with the costal membrane brownish-ochraceous ; a small pale ochraceous submarginal spot near base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas broadly infuscated, and some small faint fuscous marginal spots near apex. The opercula are small, wide apart, with their apices convexly angulated, and their inner margins not distinctly convex as in the two preceding species. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 24 to 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 68 millim. Hab.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : Malabar (Brit. Mus.) ; Trivandrum in Travankor (H. S. Fergusson— coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). 10. Leptopsaltria tigroides. (Tab. XII., fig. 18, a, b.) Duiid\ilii(( tiijroides, Walker, Ins. Saund. Horn. p. 5 (1858). tiijroides, Dist. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 88 (1879) ; Atkins, ibid. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 68 (1885). : Named after my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer, to whom I am indebted for the above and many other fine species belonging to different orders of insects from Northern Borneo. f British Nortli Borneo is evidently rich in the family Cicadlda;, for besides information acquired from Mr. Pryer. Mr. Guillemard, in his account of the zoological features of that province, describes " the ceaseless and ear-piercing u-lnr—r — r of thousands of cicadas." — ('The Cruise of the Marchesa,' vol. ii. p. 90). 86 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. A typical male specimen in the British Museum is here figured, and as this is the writer's only knowledge of the species, Walker's original description of a female is here given :— " Female. Green, partly testaceous. Head with minute black marks in front and on each side, and with a large black spot on the vertex. Prothorax with six black stripes ; the inner pair dilated at each end ; the middle pair oblique ; the third pair marginal ; a curved brown discal streak on each side between the first and second pairs. Mesothorax with five black stripes, which are slightly dilated hindward ; inner pair shortened hindward ; outer pair curved outward hindward ; two black dots on the hind border. Abdomen with a black lanceolate mark on each of the first and second segments, with black dots along each side, and with a black subapical band. Wings vitreous. Fore wings with the costa green, luteous beyond the middle ; stigma black, with a pale band ; veins green, partly black ; first and second transverse veins very slightly clouded with brown ; first parted by more than twice its length from the second." Long, excl.-tegm. 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim. Hab.— "Hindostan,"* sic (Brit. Mus.). Walker describes this species as closely resembling D. tigrina, " but may be distinguished by the outward curve of the exterior stripes on the mesothorax, by the spots and band of the abdomen, and by the first transverse vein of the fore wing, which is slightly oblique outward, whereas that of D. tigrina is very oblique inward." L. tigroides and L. tigrina are, however, structurally distinct by the shape of the opercula, which in the first named species are small and very convex ; the surface and markings of the face are also distinct. c. Opercula with their apices obtusely angulated, the apical margins straight or slightly concave. 11. Leptopsaltria albiguttata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 8, a, b, & Tab-. X., fig. 4, a, b.) Dundubia albiyutta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. vol. i. p. 83, n. 4 (1856). Pale ochraceous, with the following black markings : — head with linear fasciffi on anterior margins of front, a spot on anterior lateral angle of vertex, a curved line in front of eyes, and the area of the ocelli ; pronotum with the anterior margin and extreme posterior margins, two irregular central longitudinal lines, on each side of which is an angulated linear spot, a somewhat rounded linear spot on each lateral area, and a small spot on each lateral margin ; mesonotum with a central longitudinal line, on each side of which is a short curved linear fascia, again followed by a longitudinal series of three small spots and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, posterior segmental margins, some short transverse fasciae on upper half of face, two small spots between face and eyes, four small spots near base of rostrum, apex of rostrum, anterior femoral spines, and some small spots to sternum. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous, becoming pale fuscous towards apical areas ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas narrowly infuscated. Opercula small, the inner angles obtusely acute, the inner apical margins concavely sinuate, their apices narrowed and convexly rounded, the outer margins oblique. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 23 to 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 67 to 69 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (Wallace, Brit. Mus.). SUMATRA : Western Region (V. Lansberg — Bruss. Mus.) ; Tapanoeli (V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.) ; Koetoer and Mceara Laboe (Sum. Exped. — Leyden Mus.). JAVA (coll. Dist.). * The vague use of the words " India " and " Hindostan," in Zoology, recall to mind the equally uncertain value of the first-named word in some of the traditions of the fourth century, which attributed to Christianity certain very remote conquests. As Benan writes, " The use of the word India was extremely vague ; whoever had embarked at Clysina and made the voyage of the Bed Sea was reported to have been in India." — (' Marcus Aurelius,' Eng. edit.). ORIENTAL CICADIDM. :!7 This is a very pale coloured species, constant in markings, and a somewhat common insect (if the species of this family can ever be styled ahundant)* in the localities where it has been collected. 12. Leptopsaltria carmente. (Tab. VIII., fig. 2, a, b.) Dundiibia carmente, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 71, n. 88 (1860). Leptopsaltria nigrescent, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 50 (1889). Brownish-ochraceous, with the following black markings : — head with the area of the ocelli, the inner margins of the eyes, a spot near bases of antennae, a spot on each side of front, and a central transverse linear line at base ; pronotum with two central lines united at base, and the incisures ; mesonotum with two central obconical spots at anterior margin, a sublateral fascia on each side, and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; the posterior margins of the abdominal segments, the margins of the eyes beneath, the apex of the face, the disk of the sternum, the inner halves of the opercula, the abdominal tubercles, and the disk of abdomen also black. Tegmina pale hyaline, the basal venation brownish, the apical venation fuscous. Wings pale hyaline. The rostrum passes the posterior coxae, the opercula are concave externally, oblique internally, the apices narrowed and angularly rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 56 to 63 millim. Hab.— JAVA (Brit. Mus., Bruss. Mus., coll. Sign., coll. Dist. ; V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Genoa Mus.). The black fasciate markings to the opercula renders this species very distinct. 13. Leptopsaltria barbosae,t n. sp. (Tab. V., fig. 14, a, b,) Very closely allied in size, colour, and markings to L. carmente, Walk., but differing in colour, size, and shape of the opercula, which in L. barbosa are shorter, less attenuated posteriorly, not concavely sinuate outwardly, the apices broader and more rounded, I and the inner and apical margins only shaded with blackish. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim. Hab. — SULU ISLANDS: Jolo (coll. Dist.). 14. Leptopsaltria guttularis. (Tab. XII., fig. 20, a, b.) Cicada guttularis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 29 (1858). Leptopsaltria guttularis, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. 10, p. 170 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 2 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227, n. 61 (1885). This species is only known to me by the female typical specimen in the British Museum, and by a corresponding female specimen in my own collection. Walker's original description (with some abbreviation) is therefore given : — " Testaceous, varied with green ; under side mostly pale green. Head with a black four-forked mark about the ocelli, and with two black transverse streaks on each side; face with black streaks on the furrows, and with three on each side. Prothorax with a black band in front, and with two black stripes * "They generally rest high upon the trees, and though daily and hourly heard, are seldom seen or captured" (Wallace, ' Travels on the Amazons,' new ed. p. 38). \ Named after Barbosa, to whom, according to Crawford, we are indebted for the first authentic notice of one of the chief islands of the Sulu group. — (Descr. Diet. Ind. Islds. pp. 407-8). J Unfortunately rendered too angulate in the figure (Tab. V., fig. 14, b). L 38 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. which approximate in the middle ; three blackish streaks on each side, where there is an acute angle in front. Mesothorax with a black middle stripe, and with five black streaks on each side. Pectus with four black spots. Abdomen partly black beneath towards the tip. Wings vitreous ; veins testaceous, black towards the tips. Fore wings with a whitish stigma : tips and transverse veins, and tips of the marginal veins clouded with brown." Long. excl. tegm. ? , 19 millim. Exp. tegm. 60 millim. Hab.— BUKMA (Brit.fMus.). BORNEO: Sarawak (coll.Dist.) ; Philippine Islands (Semper — Stockh.Mus.). I include this species ? with considerable hesitation. Walker described it from a single female specimen, — a most unsatisfactory proceeding, — and I have only seen another specimen, and that of the same sex. Stal, who had visited the British Museum and inspected Walker's types, apparently had no reticence in identifying some Philippine specimens as L. guttularis, and, having male examples, writes, " L. tuberosce, Sign., simillima, divergit operculis obtusioribus, apice multo minus oblique truncatis, parte apicali exteriore obtusiore,- minus longe producta, tuberculisque ventris apud marem majoribus nigris, lobum tumidum simulantibus." The female type, to my view, is closely allied to L. albiguttata, Walk., and may possibly yet prove to be simply that species. Genus DUNDUBIA. Dundubia, Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 470, 371 (1843) ; Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 223 (1885); ibid. vol. Iv. p. 157 (1886). Body robust, long. Head somewhat triangularly elongate, including the eyes rather narrower than base of pronotum at lateral angles ; ocelli a little farther apart from eyes than from each other ; front large, globular, and convex, about twice as broad at base as the anterior lateral margins of the vertex. Pronotum ,with the margins not prominently ampliated, but distinctly toothed. Anterior femora spined. Tympana covered ; opercula long and extending beyond the middle of the abdomen. Kostrum scarcely reaching the posterior coxae. Tegmina hyaline, the basal cell twice as long as broad ; interior ulnar area with the apex not or very slightly ampliated. The absence of the tubercle or tumescence to the gense and of the tubercles to the second and third abdominal segments of the male, together with the presence of the long opercula and the large, globular and convex front and face, sufficiently distinguish Dundubia from the preceding genus, Leptopsaltria. This genus is a small one, though, owing to the number of species described uniformly by Walker under the generic name Dundubia, it would appear to be the largest genus of the Oriental Cicadidce. In geographical distribution, Dundubia is strictly confined to our faunistic area, and is focussed in the Indo-Malayan region ; it is doubtful whether it extends so far eastward as New Guinea, but our collections from that large island are still too small to enable us to speak positively as to its absence. Its distribution, however, throughout the Malayan Archipelago is in no way equal to that of the following and allied genus Cosmopsaltria. Another feature in the general appearance of the species of this genus is the unspotted tegmina, no species of which the writer is cognisant having the transverse veins at the bases of the upper apical areas infuscated. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 89 a. Opercula oblong, their apices rounded. 1. Dundubia mannifera. (Tab. IV., figs. 17, a, b, and small var. 10, a, i>.) Cicada mimnifem, Linnams, Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 84 (1754), excl. syn. Tettigunia vayinata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 266 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 18, n. 7 (1794) ; Syst. Rhyng. p. 85, n. 10 (1803). Cicada vaginata, Gmel. Ed. Syst. Nat. i. pt. 4, p. 2099 (1782) ; Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 748, n. 10 (1790). Cicada virescens, Oliv. Enc. Metb. v. p. 747, n. 5 (1790). Dundubia virescens, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 64, n. 25 (1850). Dundubia vaginata, Amy. & Serv. Hist, des Hem. p. 471, n. 1 (1843) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 4 (1850). Dundubia nii/rimacula, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 63, n. 28 (1850). Dundubia sobria. Walk. List Horn. i. p. 63, n. 24 (1850). Dundubia mannifera, Stul, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170, n. 1 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 707, n. 1 ; Dist. J. A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 88 (1879) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 455, n. 11 (1888) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 223, n. 89 (1885). Fidicina confinis, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 92, n. 21 (1867). Stoll, Gig. fig. 35. Var. Dundubia immacula, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 50, n. 10 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 52 (1885). Green, pale ochraceous, or green and dark ocbraceous ; abdomen above with some small lateral black spots, which are most distinct in the paler coloured specimens. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation and the costal membrane of tegmina pale brownish or ochraceous. Eostrum just passing the intermediate coxae ; opercula about reaching the penultimate segment of the abdomen, concavely sinuate on each side near base and then convexly ampliated, especially on inner margins, their apices narrowed and obtusely rounded. Long. excl. tegm.* $ , 38 to 45 millim. ; ? , 27 to 35 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 95 to 115 millim. ; ? , 78 to 95 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim and Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.) ; Assam (Warwick — Brit. Mus.) ; Seebsagar (Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Bharno (Genoa Mus.) ; Moulmein (Calc. Mus.). TENASSERIM (Limborg — Calc. Mus.) ; Myitta-in-the-Valley (Doherty — coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Penang (Walker) ; Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Johore (Calc. Mus.) ; Sinkep Isld. (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA (Ludeking, V. Hasselt, and V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.; Bock — coll. Dist.). JAVA (Bruss. Mus. ; Piepers and V. Lansberg — Leydcn Mus.) ; Bantam (coll. Dist.) ; Kederi (Baron Von Hugel — coll. Dist.). BORNEO: Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). CELEBES (Meyer — Dresden Mus.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper — Stockh. Mus.) ; Palawan (coll. Dist.). CHINA : Hong Kong (Bowring — Brit. Mus.). This appears to be the commonest and most widely-spread species of the Eastern Cicadidce, scarcely any collection of these insects made in the above localities is without it, and I found it a somewhat abundant species in the Malay Peninsula when collecting there some years ago. It is variable in hue, but is easily recognised, especially by the length and shape of the opercula. Var. a. (Tab. XII., fig. 1, a, b.) Cephaloxys Terpsichore, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 239, n. 10 (1850). DuTuliibia terpsichore, Stal, O'ifv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483. Mogannia terpsichore, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 233, n. 94 (1885). * The dimensions of the small variety (Tab. IV., fig. 10, a, b) are not given, as the specimen is undoubtedly abnormal. 40 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. Closely resembling typical D. mannifera, but differing by the somewhat shorter opercula, a slight bronzy tinge to the apices of the tegmina in the male, and by the central mesonotal spots being outwardly margined with black. Long. excl. tegm. $ & 2 , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 to 92 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: North Khasi Hills, 1500 to 3000 feet (Chennell — coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (coll. Dist.). The female, typical and only specimen in the British Museum, is smaller than the above dimensions given of two specimens in my own collection. After careful comparison and consideration, I incline to the view, that this specific creation of Walker is but another varietal form of D. mannifera.* 2. Dundubia rufivena. (Tab. VI., fig. 6, a, b.) Dundubia rufirena, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 59, n. 19 (1850). This species is closely allied to D. mannifera, Linn., but differs by its constantly smaller size and by the different shape of the opercula, which are much more concavely narrowed near base and then convexly widened on each side. Long. excl. tegm. $ & 2 , 24 to 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 61 to 81 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA: Penang (Biggs — coll. Dist.); Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.). SUMATRA (Bruss. Mus. ; Ludeking — LeydenMus.; Beccari — Genoa Mus.)- NIAS ISLD. (coll. Dist.). JAVA (Dresden Mus., Bruss. Mus. ; V. Eyndh & Piepers — Leyden Mus.) ; Kederi (Baron Von Hiigel — coll. Dist.). SUMBAWA (V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus.). BORNEO : Sarawak (Beccari — Genoa Mus.) ; Elopura (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.). MOLUCCAS: Amboyna (Bruss. Mus.). This species, like D. mannifera, varies in hue from pale green to dark ochraceous, but unlike that species, I have been unable to trace its distribution to Continental India. 2 a. Dundubia mellea, n. sp. ? or D. rufivena, var. ? (Tab. XII., fig. 9, a, b.) $ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum brownish-ochraceous, ocelli pale ochraceous, eyes pale castaneous ; front with some obscure black lateral striae ; mesonotum with two short faint central obconical spots, and a larger obconical spot on each lateral area; base of cruciform elevation dark castaneous ; abdomen above and beneath and the opercula golden-yellow, margins of the opercula more or less shaded with black; head beneath, sternum and legs dull ochraceous, tibiae and tarsi pale castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal membrane and basal portion of the venation bright ochraceous, remaining venation darker ; wings with the venation ochraceous, in some portions infuscated. The rostrum extends to about the intermediate coxae ; the opercula are somewhat short, concave on each side near base and rounded at apices, which about reach the base of the fifth abdominal segment ; anterior femora and posterior tibiaa spined. Var. a. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum pale greenish, the abdomen ochraceous. Long. excl. tegm. 33 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim. Hab. — BORNEO: Western District (Brit. Mus.). ELOPURA: Pryer (coll. Dist.). I was at first inclined to consider this form, from its very distinctive coloration, as an undescribed species, but have since found other specimens from Northern Borneo, of so inter- * This question of varieties and species still remains in a very open condition, as Mr. Bouverie-Pusey has stated it : — " One school made varieties lesser species, the other made species (not to say higher divisions) only better marked varieties. "- (' Permanence and Evolution,' p. 5). ORIENTAL CICADID&. 41 mediate a character that I have preferred keeping it for the present as a subspecies or simple variety of D. rufivena. Should the last supposition prove correct, we have in D. nificena a species which not only varies in colour, but also much more largely in size. 3. Dundubia locusta. (Tab. IX., fig. 1, a, 6.) Cephaloxys locusta, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 286, n. 7 (1850). Mogannia locusta, Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 288, n. 91 (1885). Body brownish-ochraceous ; ocelli red; eyes fuscous; posterior and lateral margins of pronotum paler in hue ; inesonotum with two obscure obconical spots on anterior margin, their outer edges black, and a small dark spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; lateral margins of the abdomen above paler in hue and ornamented with a segmental series of black spots. Body beneath paler in hue ; the head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation and the costal membrane of the first ochraceous. The opercula extend to about half the length of the abdomen, are concavely constricted on each side near base, and are then convexly rounded and moderately ampliated, the apex broadly rounded. The body is somewhat elongated and the head narrowed. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 84 millim. ; 2 , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 83 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA (Wooler — Brit. Mus.) ; Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.). The narrowed head — a character which probably induced Walker to place the species in the genus Cephaloxys — will easily separate D. locusta from the other species of Dundubia, and the elongated body is also another distinctive character. This species seems to have a limited distribution, as four specimens, two males and two females, collected by Dr. Leith at Bombay, and now in my own collection, are the only examples I have seen, excepting the type in the British Museum. 4. Dundubia rafflesii.* (Tab. IV., fig. 4, a, b.) Dundubia rafflesii, Distant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 188. Head and body above ochraceous, moderately and palely pilose. Eyes pale brown, mottled with fuscous, ocelli bright castaneous ; posterior and lateral margins of pronotum greenish-ocbraceous ; mesonotum with two central pale and subobsolete obconical spots situate at anterior margin, with an obscure pale fuscous oblique streak on each side. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; opercula reaching the third abdominal segment, slender, concavely constricted on each side near base, and then again convexly widened to apex, which is rounded; rostrum about reaching posterior coxae, with its apex narrowly fuscous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; veins and costal membrane of tegmina ochraceous. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 73 millim. Hab.— JAVA (coll. Dist.). This species is allied to D. rufivena, Walk., but differs by its much more slender opercula, which are not perceptibly broader at the apex than at the base, being quite the reverse of what obtains in D. rufivena. 5. Dundubia emanatura. (Tab. VIII., fig. 3, a, b.) Dundubia emanatura, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 51 (1889). Pronotum above either greenish or ochraceous. Abdomen ochraceous. Head with a narrow, reticulated, linear, transverse, black fascia between the eyes enclosing the ocelli and a black spot at * The name of Sir Stamford Baffles is indelibly connected with two great zoological enterprises. He followed and fostered the study of Natural History in the East, — especially in Java, — and may be said to have created the great Zoological Society of London. M 42 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. anterior lateral angles of vertex ; eyes brownish ; pronotum with a narrow, black, lateral marginal fascia ; body beneath and legs ochraceous, apices of posterior tibiae infuscated. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pale greenish ochraceous. The rostrum reaches the intermediate coxae ; the opercula are very narrow, slightly curved outwardly, concave on each side near base, the apex broadly convex and extending to about half the length of the abdomen. 2 . Abdomen with a lateral marginal black fascia on each side. Long. excl. tegm. 3-, 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Karwar (Atkinson — Calc. Mus.) ; Neelgiri Hills, southern slopes, 3000 feet (Hampson— coll. Dist.). D. ernanatura is another distinctly-marked species, the black lateral margin to the pronotum and the narrow opercula being good differential characters. This does not appear to be an abundant species. For some time I possessed only a female specimen sent me, by my good friend Mr. Hampson, from the Neelgiri Hills, but eventually I also obtained the loan of a single male specimen, collected at Karwar, belonging to Mr. Atkinson, and was thus enabled to describe it. 6. Dundubia ? aerata. (Tab. VI., fig. 7, a, b.) Dundubia eerata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888). Body above resembling D. mannifera, Linn., but much larger ; beneath with the opercula small, narrow, concavely sinuated towards the middle, their apices obtusely rounded and reaching the third abdominal segment (rostrum mutilated).* Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, their apical areas (especially those of tegmina) suffused with bronzy brown. Long. excl. tegm. 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 millim. Hab. — BORNEO : Elopura (Pryer — coll. Dist.). This is the largest species of the genus ? at present known to science, and a distinctive colour peculiarity is the bronzy suffusion on the apical areas of the wings and tegmina, especially on the last. I am indebted to Mr. W. B. Pryer for a single male specimen. b. Opercula narrow and elongate, their apices acutely pointed. 7. Dundubia intemerata. (Tab. IV., fig. 1, a, b.) Dundubia intemerata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. i. p. 84, n. 5 (1856) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 42 (1885). Body above green, ochraceous, or with the abdomen alone ochraceous. Ocelli red, eyes dark castaneous or fuscous. Rostrum, coxae, tarsi and apices of tibiae ochraceous ; apex of rostrum and the tarsal claws black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; extreme bases, venation and costal membrane of the first greenish-ochraceous. The opercula are elongate and narrow, their apices acutely pointed, and their outer margins strongly and concavely sinuate. In this species the rostrum about reaches the posterior coxae, thus nearly affording a character belonging to the succeeding genus Cosmopsaltria, but the structure of the head, combined with the unspotted tegmina, locate its position in the genus Dundubia. * Possessing but one specimen of this species, I have been compelled to anticipate the length of the rostrum, in order tir place it in either the genera Dundubia or Cosmopsaltria, to which it undoubtedly belongs. From other characters, I have thought it to belong to the first-named genus, but more specimens are necessary for exact generic determination. ORIENTAL CICADID&. 43 Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 to 80 millim. ; $ , 26 to 28 millim. Exp. tegm. $ , 78 to 85 millim. ; 2 , 74 to 78 millim. Hab.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : Seebsagar (Gale. Mus.) ; Assam, Margherita (Doherty— coll. Dist.) ; Khasi Hills (Chennell— coll. Dist.). TENASSEBIM : Myitta in the Valley (Doherty— coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Malacca (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). This species is most variable in coloration, resembling in that respect D. mannifera, but the extraordinary shape of the opercula — a perfectly constant character — renders its identity at once discernible. Genus CO SHOPS ALTRIA. Cosmopsaltria, Stal, Hem. Afr. iv. p. 5 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 58 (1885). Sub.-gen. Platylomia, Cosmopsaltria, and Diceropyga, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fork 1870, p. 708 note. Closely allied to Dundubia, but with the rostrum always reaching and sometimes passing the posterior coxae ; the head also generally has the front not twice as broad at the base as the anterior margins of the lobes of vertex. Opercula long, reaching centre and sometimes the apex of the abdomen. This is a most unsatisfactory genus to define, and may be taken as a good example of the artificiality of some generic creations, though serving a useful purpose in classification. The length of the rostrum is really the only universal character separating Cosmopsaltria from Dundubia, though many of its species have, in the shape of the head, a good distinctive characteristic. A number of its species have also unspotted tegmina, a feature of Dundubia, though more diverge considerably from this character. It might therefore be more strictly accurate to treat Cosmopsaltria as a subgenus or section of Dundubia; but as the former already contains an exceedingly large number of species, I have preferred, for the purposes of more easy identification, — an object of the present monograph, — to retain the two generic creations as distinct. For the above reasons I have been compelled to transfer several species I described under Dundubia to this genus. Stal proposed (supra) three subgenera of Cosmopsaltria, but the study of a large number of species has shown that these must be considerably increased in number to be of any value, and I have found them capable of being somewhat clearly reduced to sections by other characters than those on which Stal relied. Cosmopsaltria is distributed throughout our faunistic area, and is also found in the Australian and parts of the Pacific Regions. A. Head with the front globosely produced as in Dundubia. a. Opercula more or less constricted on each side near base and with their apices rounded. b. Tegmina unspotted. 1. Cosmopsaltria amicta. (Tab. VIII., fig. 4, a, b.) Dundubia amicta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 51 (1889). Body above brownish-ochraceous. Head with striae to front and two central longitudinal lines, a broad oblique fascia on each side of vertex between eyes and ocelli, and the area of vthe ocelli black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal black lines, anterior margin and the inner edge of the posterior margin black ; posterior and lateral margins paler in hue, the last crossed by an oblique black fascia emerging from behind the eyes. Mesonotum with five black fasciae, one central and longitudinal, two short and 44 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. directed obliquely inwardly, and one (largest) on each lateral area, but not reaching anterior margin, a black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Body beneath and legs brownish-ochraceous, femora more or less streaked with black ; the tibiae, tarsi, apex of rostrum, a spot between face and eyes and the apical margin of face black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous. The opercula extend to about half the length of the abdomen, are concavely constricted on each side near base and then convexly widened, with their apices rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 48 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Karwar (Calc. Mus.). 2. Cosmopsaltria nagarasingna.* (Tab. IV., fig. 14, a, fc.) Dunduiria nagarasingna, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 685 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 51 (1885). $ . Body above castaneous. Head with centre of front and an oblique fascia on each side of ocelli ochraceous. Pronotum with a central fascia and the lateral and posterior margins ochraceous. Mesonotum with two anterior central obconical spots denoted by black margins ; margins of basal cruciform elevation ochraceous. Abdomen with the basal half sparingly clothed with greyish pile, the apical half much more densely so, and with a broad lateral fascia of greyish pile on each side. Body beneath, with the sternum, legs and opercula, pale ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; costal membrane of tegmina ochraceous. Head broad, including eyes subequal in width to base of pronotum, and wider than mesonotum ; the face is very tumid, the centre longitudinally sulcated for half the length, and sides transversely striated ; rostrum reaching apex of posterior coxa? ; opercula long, reaching base of last abdominal segment, narrowest and with the edges concave from base to commencement of second abdominal segment, from which they are somewhat suddenly widened with the edges convex ; apex somewhat narrower and rounded. Anterior femora with two long ochraceous spines ; posterior tibiae with two long black spines, somewhat close together on inner margin near apex, and two much wider apart on outer margin. Long. excl. tegm. 34 to 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 to 95 millim. Hab. — BURMA (Bingham — coll. Dist.); N.W. Districts (coll. Dist.). TENASSEEIM: Myitta in the Valley (Doherty — coll. Dist.). COCHIN CHINA (coll. Signoret). 3. Cosmopsaltria larus. (Tab. 5, fig. 1, a, b, and car. Tab. IV., f. 13.) Dundubia larus, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 7 (1858). Cicada—" The Knife-Grinder," Emerson Tennent, Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 432, fig. (1861). Head and thorax above greenish-ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous. Head with the lateral areas of face, the area of the ocelli, an angulated fascia in front of eyes, and two small spots on posterior margin near eyes, black. Pronotum with two central, longitudinal, angulated and connected black linear fasciae, on each side of which is a short curved discal fascia, the incisures and the edges of lateral margins also black. Mesonotum with five black fasciae, one central and longitudinal, two short and angulated, and the outer two longer, but very irregularly shaped and angularly curved ; a black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen with some central black discal spots. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous or greenish-ochraceous ; apices of anterior femora, bases and apices of anterior and intermediate tibiae, bases of posterior tibiae and anterior and intermediate tarsi black. Abdomen beneath pale castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous or greenish, in some places black. * Nagarasingna, the first conquering Burmese king, who is said to have subdued Arracan. — (Rev. F. Mason, ' Tenasserim,' p. 450). ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 45 The opercula are long, about reaching the penultimate segment of the abdomen, concavely constricted on each side near base, and with their apices narrowly rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 32 to 88 millim. Exp. tegm. 84 to 100 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Bombay (Leith — coll. Dist.) ; Neelgiri Hills, Koonoor 6000 ft. (Hampson— coll. Dist.). CEYLON (Templeton — Brit. Mus.). There can be no doubt that this is the species figured by the late Sir J. Emerson Tennent, in his ' Natural History of Ceylon,' and named by him " The Knife-grinder," and which he describes as " resting high up on the bark of a tree, make the forest re-echo with a long-sustain <•<! noise so curiously resembling that of a cutler's wheel that the creature producing it has acquired the highly appropiate name of the ' Knife-grinder.' " * 4. Cosmopsaltria bocki.f (Tab. IV., fig. 11, a, b.) Dundubia bocki, Distant, Ent. Month. Mag. vol. xix. p. 159 (1882). Head and thorax above dull ochraceous or olivaceous : abdomen, above and beneath, castaneous. Head with the area of the ocelli black ; eyes castaneous, speckled with ochraceous. Pronotum with two small black spots at centre of anterior margin, the lateral and posterior margins somewhat paler, the last inwardly and outwardly narrowly edged with black. Mesonotum with two central, contiguous, obconical spots, their bases situate on anterior margin, the outer margins very pale and bordered outwardly at base — and inwardly — broadest at apex — with black ; four sub-basal black spots situated one on each side of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, which is somewhat paler. Tympana ochraceous. Head beneath, rostrum, sternum, legs, and opercula ochraceous ; apex of rostrum black ; anterior tibiae, bases, apices, and a subapical annulation to intermediate and posterior tibiae, fuscous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the veins and costal membrane dull ochraceous, and the claval area inwardly margined with dark fuscous ; wings with most of the veins dull ochraceous, a few being fuscous. The body is elongate ; the face is prominent and globose, transversely wrinkled and with a deep and broad central longitudinal sulcation ; the opercula are long, about reaching the penultimate abdominal segment, concavely constricted on each side near base, and then broadened and convexly rounded, the apex being broad and rounded. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 123 millim. Hab. — SUMATRA (Bock — coll. Dist.). 5. Cosmopsaltria similis. (Tab. V., fig. 10, a, 6.) Dundubia similis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888). Head and thorax above pale greenish ; abdomen pale castaneous. Head with the area of the ocelli somewhat blackish ; eyes castaneous, mottled with fuscous, posterior margin very narrowly ochraceous. Mesonotum with a central black longitudinal linear fascia, on each side of which is a short oblique black fascia, which is crossed and partly obliterated by a narrow curved ochraceous fascia ; a black spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above with a short, broad oblique fascia of greyish-white pile on each side at base. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale greenish or greenish-ochraceous. Abdomen beneath pale dull castaneous ; apex of rostrum black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish-ochraceous, in some places black; costal membrane of the tegmina greenish. \ * ' Natural History of Ceylon,' p. 432. t Named after Carl Bock, author of ' The Head Hunters of Borneo,' &c., and by whom this species was captured. N 46 ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. The opercula do not reach the penultimate abdominal segment, are only moderately constricted on each side near base, and have their apices broadly but obtusely rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 122 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkirn (Calc. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Assam (Calc. Mus.). C. similis is closely allied in general appearance and markings to C. radha, Dist., a species which, from the totally different structure of the opercula, I place in another section of the genus. 6. Cosmopsaltria oopaga.* (Tab. V., fig. 9, a, I.) Cosmopsaltria oopaga, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 640; Atkins. J. A. S.Beng. vol. liii. p. 227, n. 58 (1885). Head dull ochraceous. Posterior lateral margins of front black ; two basal ocelli surrounded with black, which extends to posterior margin. Pro- and meso-notum pale olivaceous ; the first with a central longitudinal ochraceous fascia, bordered with black, which is widest anteriorly, and rounded, with the black lines continuous posteriorly. Mesonotum with two obconical spots, bordered with black on anterior margin, followed by a small black spot and an anterior lateral fascia ; a curved basal fascia and a small spot on each frontal side of cruciform elevation of the same colour. Abdomen dull ochraceous, inclining to olivaceous, with the lateral sides sparingly covered with greyish pubescence, and with an indistinct lateral segmental row of fuscous spots. Underside of body pale ochraceous or olivaceous. Tegrnina and wings pale hyaline. The body is broad and somewhat depressed, the abdomen narrowing at apex. The head, including eyes, is narrower than base of pronotum, and but little wider than mesonotum. The rostrum about reaches the apex of the first abdominal segment. The opercula, which almost reach the apex of the fourth abdominal segment, are situated on the lateral sides of abdomen, and are much wider apart at base than at apex ; they are concavely narrowed on each side near base, and are then widened and convex on each side to apex, which is broad and rounded, the extreme apex being on outer margin. The face is globose, with a curved black fascia at base, and a central longitudinal sulcatipn ; it is profoundly transversely striated, the interstices being very broad. Long. excl. tegm. 39 millim. Exp. tegm. 96 millim. Hab. — BURMA (coll. Dist.). I have unfortunately no more precise locality for this species. 7. Cosmopsaltria andersoni.f (Tab. V., fig. 6, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria andersoni, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ii. p. 170 (1883). Head olivaceous. Lateral margins of front, area of ocelli, and a small spot on each side of same black. Pro- and mesonotum olivaceous, the first with a central longitudinal ochraceous fascia, bordered with black, widest anteriorly, and compressed about centre, and with a small curved black line behind the eyes ; mesonotum with two obconical spots bordered with black on anterior margin, on each side of which is a small discal black streak and a long curved black spot on each side of base near anterior angles of cruciform elevation, which are also black. Abdomen dull dark ochraceous. Underside of body pale ochraceous ; annulation to anterior femora near their apices, upper surfaces and apices of anterior L Shin Oopaga, or Oopagoh ; by the Burmese a universally honoured payah-nge, or lesser divinity, who for having carried off the clothes of a bather in a previous existence is condemned to live at the bottom of the river in a kyee-pya-that, a brazen spire, where he zealously keeps the sacred days, and will remain in those quarters till Areemadehya, the next Buddha, shall come. Then he will bo set free, and entering the thenga will become a yahauda, and attain Neh'ban (cf. Capt. Forbes, ' Brit. Burma,' p. 194). — (Shway Yoe, ' The Burinan, his Life and Notions,' vol. i. p. 272). t Named after Dr. John Anderson, late Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, to whose zoological enterprise in Mergui and its Archipelago, we are indebted for the knowledge of this species. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 47 tibias, bases and apices of intermediate and posterior tibiae, tarsi, apex of rostrum, and apical portion of the last abdominal segment black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal membrane and basal portion of venation ochraceous, remaining portion of venation more or less shaded and marked with black or olivaceous and with a black claval streak ; wings with the veins black or ochraceous, and outer claval margin and an inner claval streak fuscous. The body is broad and somewhat depressed, the abdomen above moderately pilose. The head, including outer margins of eyes, is subequal in width or a very little narrower than base of pronotum. The rostrum about reaches the centre of first abdominal segment. The opercula are long, strongly compressed and concave near base, and then widened and convex on each side, but narrowing at their apices, which reach the base of the last abdominal segment. The face is swollen and tumid, with a narrow central longitudinal sulcation and strong transverse striations, the interstices of which are very broad. Long. excl. tegm. 32 rnillim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim. Hab. — TENASSERIM : Mergui (Anderson — coll. Dist.). This species is allied to C. oopaga, Dist., from which its smaller size and greater length of opercula at onoe distinguish it. 8. Cosmopsaltria jacoona. (Tab. V., fig. 3, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria jacoona, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 295 (1888). Allied to C. oopaga, Dist., and very similar above in colour and markings. Differs from that species by the size and shape of the opercula, which are longer, — reaching the penultimate abdominal segment,— narrower, and with their apices somewhat angularly rounded. Long. excl. tegm. 37 millim. Exp. tegrn. 98 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA: Johore (Calc. Mus.). BORNEO (coll. Dist.). bb. Tegmina with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated. 9. Cosmopsaltria majuscula. (Tab. VII., fig. 8, a, b.) Dundubia majuscula, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 621 (1888). Body above warm-ochraceous. Head with the front, — excepting base and apex, — the area of the ocelli, and a larger spot on inner margin of eyes, dark castaneous ; eyes ochraceous, with their inner area olivaceous. Pronotum with a broad central longitudinal castaneous fascia and a small castaneous spot near anterior lateral margin. Mesonotum with five blackish fasciae, the central one very slender and joining a triangular fascia in front of basal cruciform elevation, on each side of the central fascia is a short and broader one, and the lateral fasciae are long, broad and slightly curved. Abdomen above ochraceous. Body beneath ochraceous ; the face blackish, with a central ochraceous spot near anterior margin, and a black marginal spot between eyes and face ; legs pale castaneous, the inner margins of anterior femora blackish, anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi somewhat darker castaneous, the posterior tarsi ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous, but becoming fuscous towards apical areas ; the tegmina with the costal margin fuscous beyond base of upper ulnar area, and the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated. The body is long and broad ; the rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the* opercula are slender and placed widely apart, concave on each side beyond base, but very slightly so outwardly, the apices rounded and reaching the fourth abdominal segment. 48 ORIENTAL CICAD1DM. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 52 millim. Exp. tegm. 132 millim. Hab. — CELEBES:* Menado (A. A. Bruijn — Genoa Mus.). 10. Cosmopsaltria latilinea. (Tab. IV., fig. 15, a, b.) Dundubia latilinea, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 85, n. 12 (1867). Cosmopsaltria padda, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 229 (1887). Head olivaceous ; front with the margins and a central fascia black ; vertex with three black fasciae, one on each side behind the eyes, and one central containing the ocelli and a small angulated black marginal spot near bases of antennae ; eyes dull castaneous. Pronotum olivaceous-green, with a central longitudinal ochraceous fascia margined with black, a black submarginal fascia, and the extreme margin ochraceous. Mesonotuin olivaceous-green, with five longitudinal black fasciae all more or less margined with ochraceous, situate one central and longest extending right across disk and attenuated anteriorly ; on each side of this is a shorter fascia extending from anterior margin to about centre, followed again by a long and broader fascia a little before each lateral margin ; a small black spot in front of the anterior angles of the cruciform elevation, which is also more or less olivaceous. Abdomen above piceous, more or less clothed with fine greyish pilosity, the tympana and some lateral shadings olivaceous. Head beneath and sternum olivaceous, frontal margin between the eyes black ; sternum more or less greyishly pilose ; legs olivaceous, an apical annulation to anterior femora, the under surfaces of intermediate and posterior femora, more than apical half of anterior tibiae, and about apical third of intermediate and posterior tibiae and the tarsi black. Opercula olivaceous, the inner margin and about apical two-thirds (not quite reaching outer margin) black. Abdomen beneath piceous, more or less greyish pilose. Tegmina pale hyaline, narrowly olivaceous at extreme base, the venation alternately brownish olivaceous and piceous, the costal membrane olivaceous, two subapical piceous spots situate on the transverse veins at bases of the two upper apical areas, and some minute submarginal piceous spots. Wings pale hyaline, narrowly olivaceous at extreme base, the costal margin ochraceous for about half its length. The opercula about, or almost, reach the base of the last abdominal segment, are concavely narrowed near base, and ampliated and rounded towards apex; the face is narrowly sulcated for about half its length, and possesses strong transverse ridges ; the anterior femora are armed with three spines beneath, one near centre, two near apex, the apical one smallest. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 34 to 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 94 to 103 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA: Penang (Brit. Mus. ; Eev. L. C. Biggs — coll. Dist.). 10 a. Cosmopsaltria lauta (0. latilinea, var. ?). (Tab. V., fig. 8, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria lauta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 293 (1888). Head and thorax above ochraceous, with the following black markings : — Head with a central fascia to front, vertex with a central double fascia and a sinuated fascia behind each eye ; pronotum with a central double fascia united at base, a large sublateral spot on each side, and a spot beneath on basal margin ; mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a short and somewhat oblique fascia, followed by a small spot on anterior margin and a broad, sublateral, irregular fascia, and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen purplish red, the posterior segmental margins ochraceous, excepting those near apex, which are piceous, and with a central The Cicadidce of Celebes have still to be collected, for though the islands have been visited by several excellent naturalists, the insects described in this monograph have not greatly engaged their attention. That they exist in numbers may be gathered from the remark of Dr. A. Adams, that " In the forests of Celebes " is heard " the eternal ringing song of the shrill Cicada."— (' Notes on Nat. Hist. ; Voy. H.M.S. Samarang,' vol. ii. p. 268). The Central Continent of the island has not yet seen the face of the white man, and by far the greater part of the four peninsulas is almost unknown and undescribed; in fact, the only parts which are thoroughly explored and utilised by Europeans are not much larger in area than the Isle of Wight and the Isle of Man." — (Sydney J. Hickson, ' A Naturalist in North Celebes,' p. 3). ORIENTAL C 1C AD ID M. 49 discal piceous spot near base. Head beneath with the anterior margin black and a central piceous spot near apex of face. Opercula ochraceous, with apices and inner margins broadly black ; apex of abdomen beneath black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation more or less fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane castaneous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated. The face is convex, with a central longitudinal incision, which neither reaches base nor apex. The opercula are long and broad, concavely sinuated on their outer margins near base, and with their apices obtusely rounded and about reaching the apical abdominal segment. Rostrum mutilated. Long. excl. tegm. 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 102 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo, Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; South-East District (Doherty — coll. Dist.). C. lauta and C. latilinea are very closely allied, and they are evidently local races of one species. The principal and most constant colour differences are found on the opercula, which in C. latilinea are much more broadly suffused with black than in G. lauta.* 11. Cosmopsaltria montivaga. (Tab. XII., fig. 12, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria montivaya, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 421 (1889). Allied to C. lauta, Dist., but differing by its larger size, broader and more robust body, the absence of the sublateral fascia to the pronotum, and the presence of an oblique black pronotal spot behind the eyes ; the markings of the mesonotum are smaller, and the sublateral fascia curved and not extending to the anterior margin. Opercula broader at base, less concave internally, much more narrowly black at apex and inner margin, and crossed at centre by a transverse dark castaneous fascia. Long. 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo, Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). This species (at present) is only known to the writer by a single male specimen collected on the Kina Balu Mountain. It is probable, however, that it will be found to have a much less restricted habitat, f 12. Cosmopsaltria inermis. (Tab. VI., fig. 15, a, b.) C. (Cosmopsaltria) inermis, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 708, n. 3. Through the kindness of Dr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, I am enabled to figure a typical specimen of Stal's species, and I therefore append a copy of the original description : — " Pallide olivaceo-flavescens vel virescens ; macula irregulari ocellos includente, macula angulorum interiorum jugorum, fasciola obliqua leviter curvata ad marginem anticum jugorum prope oculos * The Dundulia duarum, Walk. (Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., vol. i. p. 141 : 1857), recorded from Borneo, appears to be also closely allied to these two species or races, excepting that the opercula are recorded as " extending to the tip of the abdomen." This, however, is only a matter of conjecture, as the type is not in the collection of the British Museum. As many of these specimens belonged to the late Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, I applied to his son for assistance ; but he informed me that all his father's Homoptera went to the British Museum, and that he knew of nowhere else to look for them. I also sought help from Prof. Westwood ; but he wrote to me that the Hope Museum at Oxford possessed no types or other individuals of Walker's species described from Malacca and Borneo. We must therefore treat this species as not existent. Dr. St;d (' Journal of Entomology,' vol. i. p. 477) proposed that all Walker's Catalogues should be considered as non-existent ; but, apart from the quality of Walker's entomological work, which no one can altogether either praise or defend, I have always concluded that where his types exist, his species are recognisable, but where they cannot be found his species should be ignored. The D. duarum, Walk., therefore to the writer is an unrecognisable species. f A very curious distribution was observed in another species of the Honiopterous family Cercopida; contained in this collection. In the year 1878 I described from a single specimen coUected at Taoo, in Tenasserim, at an elevation between 3000 and 5000 ft., a very extraordinary species of Cosmoscarta (C. masoni, Dist.). From that time to the year 181 I never saw another specimen until I observed a second solitary example in the collection made on the Kina Balu Mountain in Borneo by Mr. Whitehead. 0 50 ORIENTAL CICATiIDM. incipiente, oblique introrsum et retrorsum ducta, interstitiis rugorum basalium frontis, fascia eubbasali genarum, vittis duabus mediis impressionibusque disci thoracis, vittis angustis quinque maculisque parvis duabus pone medium scutelli, tibiis apice tarsisque anterioribus nigris ; tegminibus alisque levissime infuscatis, venis olivaceo-flavescentibus, pone medium fuscis, macula anastomosium omnium maculaque prope apicem ramorum ulnarium fuscis." ",?&?. Long. 29—81, lat. 10—11 ; exp. tegm. 86—94 mill." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.) ; Palawan (coll. Dist.). I have not copied Stal's structural diagnosis, as the figures here given sufficiently explain the same. 13. Cosmopsaltria fuliginosa. (Tab. VI., fig. 16, a, b.) Dundubia fuli</inosa, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 60, n. 21 (1850) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Porh. 1862, p. 480. Dundubia melpomene, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 76, n. 38 (1850). C. (Cosmopsaltria) fuliginosa, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fork 1870, p. 708, n. 2. Body above dull greenish-ochraceous ; head with the margins to face, the lateral striations of front, the area of the ocelli, and a curved discal fascia midway between eyes and front, black ; pronotum with two central linear fascia and the furrows black; mesonotum with five black linear fasciae, the central one longest with a shorter one on each side extending from the anterior margin to about centre of disk, the outermost pair commencing at some distance from the anterior margin and almost reaching the posterior margin, a small spot on anterior margin between the two outermost fasciae and a spot on and another in front of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, also black. Abdomen pale dull castaneous, the tympanal coverings greenish ; the eyes brownish-ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula greenish-ochraceous ; a fascia between face and eyes, the upper striations to face and a spot at apex of same, a spot at apices of anterior femora, a spot at bases of tibiae and the apices of same, and the anterior and intermediate tibise and a broad fascia at apices of opercula, black ; abdomen beneath pale castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish-ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane greenish-ochraceous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated. The body above is more or less sparingly pilose ; the opercula extend to the penultimate abdominal segment. Long excl. tegm. $ , 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 83 millini. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Bruss. Mus. & coll. Dist. ; Cumming — Brit. Mus. ; Semper — Stockh. Mus.) ; Cebu (Dresd. Mus.). This species is closely allied to C. inermis, Stal, but differs by its somewhat smaller size, the different length and shape of the opercula, &c. 14. Cosmopsaltria vibrans. (Tab. IV., fig. 2, a, fc.) Dundubia vibrans, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 54, n. 14 (1850) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forli. 1862, p. 480 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 48 (1885). Dundubia lateralis, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 61, n. 22 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 41 (1885). Head and thorax above ocbraceous ; head with the lateral striations and a spot at apex of front, area of the ocelli, a curved macular fascia between eyes and front, and the posterior margins of the eyes, black ; pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae which are angulated and meet posteriorly, the furrows and three small spots on each lateral margin, black; mesonotum with seven black fascise, the central one longest, straight and completely crossing disk, on each side of this a shorter and inwardly-directed fascia, followed by a very short one situate on anterior margin, and a long, wide, irregularly-broken fascia on each lateral margin and a black spot near the apex of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; ORIENTAL CICADID&. 51 abdomen pale castaneous, the segmental incisures narrowly edged with ochraceous and black, and with some obscure blackish and irregular transverse discal fasciae and a lateral series of small black stigmatal spots ; tympanal coverings dull ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula ochraceous ; the transverse striations to face, a fascia between eyes and face, apex of rostrum, apices of tibiae and the margins of opercula widened at apex, black ; abdomen beneath pale castaneous, with some black discal spots. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pale fuscous, tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous and the transverse veins at the apices of the second and third apical areas infuscated. The abdomen is more or less pilose ; the opercula extend only to the third abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 35 — 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 — 90 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam — Margherita (Doherty — coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills (Chennell — coll. Dist.); Sylhet (Stainforth— Brit. Mus.). MALAY PENINSULA : Malacca (coll. Sign.). This appears to be a moderately scarce species in collections, and two pairs of the sexes are all that I have as yet been able to acquire, though I am indebted to both Messrs. Chennell and Doherty for extensive collections made in Assam. 15. Cosmopsaltria meyeri.* (Tab. VIII., fig. 5, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria meyeri, Distant, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 189, t. 25, fig. 2, a, b. Body above castaneous. Head with the vertex and front nearly completely suffused with blackish ; ocelli and eyes yellowish. Pronotum with a central black longitudinal fascia, the posterior and lateral margins obscure ochraceous. Mesonotum with two large contiguous black obconical spots on anterior margin, a large lateral subconical black fascia on each side, and a triangular black fascia in front of the cruciform elevation, the apex of which is produced between the central obconical spots, and which also possesses posteriorly a central and angulated base. Abdomen very dark castaneous. Body beneath and legs dark castaneous ; sternum and base of abdomen thickly and palely pilose ; opercula ochraceous, extending to the fourth abdominal segment, concavely constricted beyond base and then slightly and convexly rounded to apex, apical portion distinctly narrower than base (rostrum mutilated). Tegmina and wings hyaline, t the first slightly infuscated, with the costal membrane, basal area, and venation brownish or fuscous, the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated, and two very small submarginal fuscous spots at apices of the longitudinal veins enclosing the first and second apical areas ; wings with anterior claval margin and a basal streak pale fuscous. The face is very convexly tumid, with a narrow central discal sulcation, and with the transverse striations becoming more profound from base to apex ; the anterior femora are armed with two strong spines, one near base and one near apex ; between the last and apex is a small and somewhat rudimentary spine. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 132 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Celebes (Meyer — Dresden Mus.). Only one specimen of this species has been seen by the writer. bbb. Tegmina more or less spotted. 16. Cosmopsaltria nigra. (Tab. VI., fig. 9, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria nigra, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888). Dundubia spinosa, Walk, (nee Pabr.), List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 8 (1850). $ . Body above and beneath with the legs blackish ; eyes and ocelli dark fuscous-brown. Tegmina and wings smoky hyaline, the venation fuscous, the tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases * Named after Dr. A. B. Meyer, director of the Zoological and Ethnographical Museum of Dresden and well-known naturalist, whose journeys in the Malayan Archipelago, especially in Celebes and New Guinea, have done much in increasing our knowledge of the Zoology and Anthropology of those islands. f In the process of lithography the hue of the tegmina and wings has been rendered too dark in the figure here given. 52 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. of the second and third apical areas, and the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas, infuscated. The rostrum about reaches the apices of the posterior coxae ; the opercula are concavely sinuated a little before centre, their apices convexly rounded and almost reaching apex of fourth abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. 44 ruillim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Brit. Mus.). This species was erroneously identified by Walker as Dundubia spinosa, Fabr. (the type of which, however, is contained in the Banksian collection), and remains under that name in the Museum Catalogue. The habitat is derived from one of those specimens, my own being without a locality. 17. Cosmopsaltria flavida. (Tab. V., fig. 15, a, b.) Cicada Jiavida, Guerin, Voy. Ind. Orient. Belanger, Ins. p. 498, t. 8, f. 1 (1884) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 118, n. 40 (1850). Cosmopsaltria flarida, Stul, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866); Atkins. J.A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227, n. 60 (1885). C. (Platylomia) flavida, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 708, note. ? . Head and thorax above dark ochraceous ; head with the area of the ocelli and a spot on each Bide of vertex near front dark fuscous ; eyes dark castaneous ; pronotum with two short longitudinal central linear fascije (not quite reaching centre of disk) and the edges of posterior margin, black; mesonotum with a narrow central linear longitudinal fascia, on each side of which are two short but broader curved fasciae, the inner pair longest, and a transverse series of four small basal spots, black ; abdomen castaneous. Head beneath, sternum, legs and rostrum ochraceous ; apices of the tibiae and tarsi and apex of the rostrum black ; abdomen beneath as above. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas more or less infuscated, and a marginal series of small fuscous spots at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas, the discal portion of the venation ornamented in a few places with black ; costal membrane reddish-ochraceous. Long. excl. tegm. ? , 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 150 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Guerin) ; Java (Bruss. Mus.). The description here given is taken from an unlocalised female specimen in my own collection, but a male specimen belonging to the collection of the Brussels Museum is figured, and the structure of the opercula is thus shown. Stal, by an error (unusual with that excellent worker and describer), wrote * that the Dundubia saturata, Walk. — an Indian species of Cosmopsaltria described further on — p. 54 — was a synonym of C. Jiavida, This lead that careful writer, Mr. Atkinson, to record it as reported from Sikkim. t Guerin's species, however, appears to be strictly confined to the islands of Sumatra and Java, and is certainly not found in Continental India. 18. Cosmopsaltria spinosa. (Tab. IV., fig. 7, a, b.) Tettvjonia xjrinosH, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 266, 6 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 17, 6 (1794) ; Syst. Bhyng. p. 84, 8 (1803). Cicada sjrinosa, Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 748, n. 8 (1790). Cosmopsaltria .ifhiusa, Stil, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 708, n. 1 ; Dist. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 193 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 227, n. 59 (1885). Cosmopsaltna abdulla, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 639 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 57 (1885). * Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171. t J- A. S. Beng. liii. p. 227, n. 60. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 53 Body above castaneous, more or less covered with greyish pubescence and pilosity. Head with tin- vertex somewhat sparingly pilose, and the area of the ocelli a little infuscated. Pronotum sparingly pubescent, with a central hourglass-shaped concolorous fascia. Mesonotum with two central and somewhat obsolete obovate spots on anterior margin. Body beneath pale castaneous, the opercula ochraceous ; anterior and intermediate femora with the bases and apices fuscous, the central portion pale ochraceous ; anterior tibiae castaneous, with the tarsi pitchy ; intermediate tibiae pale castaneous, with the base narrowly and the apex broadly piceous ; posterior legs pale castaneous, apices of femora and the bases and apices of tibiae dark castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline; tegmina with the costal membrane and the basal cell pale castaneous, claval area pitchy, the transverse veins at the second, third and fifth apical areas infuscated, and a submarginal series of small fuscous spots at apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; wings with anterior claval margin and a curved basal streak, dark castaneous. The opercula reach the base of the fourth abdominal segment, their outer margins are deeply narrowed and concave near base, and then are somewhat convex and slightly directed outwardly to apex, which is moderately broad and rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 46 millim. Exp. tegm. 116 to 122 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA: Penang, Singapore (coll. Dist.) ; Malacca (coll. Sign.). SUMATRA (Banksian Coll.) ; Indrapoura (Leyden Mus.). BORNEO : Elopura (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). This is a variable species in the markings of the tegmina ; in some specimens the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and seventh apical areas are infuscated, and in others the marginal spots are also almost absent. The greyish pubescence is also often rubbed and obsolete. 19. Cosmopsaltria umbrata. (Tab. V., fig. 11, a, I.) Cosmopsaltria innlintta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 293 (1888) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 456 (1888). $ . Head and thorax above obscure olivaceous. Head with the lateral margins to front, the area of the ocelli, and some irregular spots on each lateral area of the vertex black; eyes ochraceous. Pronotura with two irregular central black fascias, ampliated at base and apex, and with two at each lateral margin, the posterior margin with its edge narrowly black and a black spot near lateral angles. Mesonotum with two central blackish obconical spots, between which a narrow black fascia extends to base, and a black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above largely suffused with dull black shadings. Body beneath olivaceous; a central fascia to face, anterior margin between face and eyes, inner margins and apices of femora, and the tibiae more or less blackish. Opercula olivaceous, their apices and a spot near base blackish. Abdomen beneath olivaceous, largely suffused with black shadings. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous ; tegmina with the base and costal membrane fuscous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas and the apices of the longitudinal veins of apical areas infuscated. The rostrum has the apex pitchy and just passing the posterior coxaa ; the opercula are somewhat narrowed, concavely sinuated on each side near base, and narrowed towards apices, which are obtusely angulated and reach the fourth abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. 46 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 millim. Hab.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.). BURMA: Bhamo (Fea — Genoa Mus.) . 54 ORIENTAL CICADID&. I have now examined a moderately large series of specimens belonging to this species, and have found no variation in markings or coloration. aa. Opercula constricted at base, but with their apices obtusely angulated. c. Tegmina unspotted. 20. Cosmopsaltria radha. (Tab. IV., fig. 9, a, Z>.) Dundubia radha, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 684 ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 455 (1888) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 49 (1885). $ . Body above pale castaneous. Head with the area of the ocelli black. Pronotum with the lateral and posterior margins, and a very narrow anterior margin, ochraceous ; the last is inwardly margined with two small transverse linear black spots, and the posterior margin has also a very narrow discal inner border of the same colour. Mesonotum with a large central obconical spot on anterior margin, with a very indistinct central line, and with the lateral borders black, outwardly margined with ochraceous ; five indistinct black basal spots, three within the anterior angles of the cruciform elevation, and one on each side of the same. Abdomen rather darker in colour, with the segmental sutures pitchy. Underside of the body concolorous ; opercula dull ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane and claval area dull ochraceous ; wings with the base narrowly of the same colour. The body is very elongated ; the head, including eyes, a little narrower than base of pronotum ; the face is prominently convex, faintly longitudinally sulcated, and transversely striated ; the rostrum reaches the middle of the posterior coxae ; the opercula are very long, reaching the penultimate abdominal segment ; they are suddenly narrowed on first abdominal segment, and then gradually widened and rounded on each side, the maximum width being at junction of second and third abdominal segments, from whence they are gradually narrowed to apex, which is obtusely rounded. Long. excl. tegm. 53 millim. Exp. tegm. 124 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Madras Presidency (coll. Dist.) ; Sikki'm and Assam (Gale. Mus.) ; Naga Hills (Doherty — coll. Dist.). BUEMA: Teinzo (Fea — Genoa Mus.). cc. Tegmina spotted. 21. Cosmopsaltria saturata. (Tab. V., fig. 17, a, I.) DunduUa saturata, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 6 (1858). Dundubia obtecta, Walker (nee Fabr.), List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 3 (1850). As this is a somewhat variable species, the original description is given : — " Male and Female. Ferruginous-tawny. Head with two interrupted black bands. Prothorax with -eight irregular black stripes ; the middle pair curved and dilated hindward. Mesothorax with a black line, and with four broader black stripes, which are more or less excavated ; the inner pair shorter than the outer pair, and joining the line; the outer pair joining two black hind spots. Abdomen with whitish tomentum on each side towards the base. Wings with a slight testaceous tinge, ferruginous-tawny at the base ; veins tawny, partly black. Fore wings with a brown streak at tip of each of the marginal veins ; transverse veins clouded with brown ; first transverse vein longer and more oblique than the second, from which it is parted by more than twice its length. Male. — Opercula tawny, about two-thirds of the length of the abdomen, much acuminated towards the tips." Long. excl. tegm. $ , 40 to 45 millim. Exp. tegm. 106 to 130 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Nepal (Hardwicke — Brit. Mus.) ; Eanikhet (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkini (Hooker — Brit. Mus. ; Calc. Mus. ; coll. Dist.) ; Assam (Calc. Mus.) ; Sylhet (coll. Sign.). ORIENTAL C1CADIDM. 65 Var. a. — Smaller in size, the opercula reaching the apex of the abdomen. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Naga Hills (Doherty — coll. Dist.). Var. b. — Opercula not reaching the apex of abdomen, but with their apices much less angularly produced. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Naga Hills (Doherty — coll. Dist.). As previously stated (antea, p. 52), Stal erroneously placed this species as a synonym of C.flavida, Guer. Walker, however, had previously created the greatest confusion in the identification of his own species, having firstly identified it as the C. oltecta, Fabr., — a species to which it has no similarity, — and subsequently described another specimen as a new species under the name of saturata, which is necessarily adopted here. This is a most variable species, not only as regards the tinting of the tegmina, which are usually clear and not shaded on the basal half, but, what is much more unusual, and even unique in the genus, — as far as the knowledge of the writer at present extends, — the opercula varying in length and in the amount of the angular attenuation of their apices. The species, however, cannot easily be mistaken, as beyond the variations just enumerated, the general characters are of the most uniform and consistent nature.* aaa. Opercula not constricted at base, their apices obtusely angulated. d. Tegmina unspotted. 22. Cosmopsaltria tavoyana. (Tab. V., fig. 4, a, I.) Dundubia tavoyana, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 292 (1888). Above resembling in size, general hue, and markings D. tripurasura, Dist., but differing remarkably from that species by the size and shape of the opercula, which have their apices somewhat acutely pointed and reaching the penultimate abdominal segment, their lateral margins being concave near base, convex about centre, and somewhat profoundly concave towards the apices ; their colour is also pale olivaceous-green. Long. excl. tegm. 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim. Hab. — BURMA (Bingham — coll. Dist.). TENASSERIM : Tavoy (Gale. Mus.). 23. Cosmopsaltria tripurasura. (Tab. IV., fig. 8, a, b.) Dundubia tripurasura, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 685; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 51 (1885). S . Head, pronotum and mesonotum ochraceous. Head : front with a triangular black spot near base, and transverse black striae which do not meet in the centre; vertex with two large oblique and irregular black fasciae on disk, and a large irregular black spot on inner margin of eyes. Pronotum with two central longitudinal black fasciae, and three oblique black striae on each side, the outer one submarginal and somewhat rounded. Mesonotum with a large central clavate spot, of which the apex terminates on anterior margin, bordered on each side by a subconical spot, followed by a small triangular one, and a wide submarginal fascia, black. Abdomen dull sanguineous, with a series of discal segmental black fasciae (these are much larger in some specimens and subconfluent), and a lateral segmental row of irregular black spots. Body beneath with the sternum ochraceous, covered with greyish pubescence. Abdomen dull sanguineous ; opercula pale sanguineous ; legs ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline. Front very prominent and convex ; head, including eyes, narrower than base of pronotum, subequal to mesonotum in width. Opercula subtriangular, well separated at base, gradually becoming more * This species was probably included in "the great Cicadas" which Sir J. Hooker described "as everywhere lighting on the ground, where they uttered a short, sharp, creaking sound, and anon disappeared us if by magic." — 'Himalayan Journals,' vol. i. p. 143. 56 ORIENTAL CICADID&. divergent, and narrowing to apex, which is obtuse, and reaches the fourth abdominal segment. Anterior femora armed with three spines ; two moderately large and ochraceous, apical one small and black. Posterior tibiae with three black spines on inner side near apex, and two smaller and wider apart on outer margin. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 83 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkini (Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.) ; Assam, North Khasi Hills, 1500 to 8000ft. (Chennell*— coll. Dist.). cc. Teamina with the transverse rains at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscatctl. 24. Cosmopsaltria durga.f (Tab. IV., fig. 6, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria dunja, Distant, Trans, Erit. Soc. 1881, p. C87; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 56 (1885). $ . Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous. Head with the following black markings : — an irregular spot on front ; a large central fascia on vertex, reaching from anterior to posterior margins, produced on each side in front, and enclosing ocelli ; a curved fascia a little before inner margin of eyes, and a subtriangular spot on apex of lateral margin. Pronotum with the anterior margin (narrow), a central longitudinal fascia, bordered with black on each side, and a biangulated fascia on each lateral margin, pale ochraceous ; two narrow oblique fasciae on each side, a narrow longitudinal fascia on each side of disk, inner posterior, and inner and outer lateral margins, black. Mesonotum with a clavate central longitudinal fascia, bounded on each side by a shorter, broader, and much angulated one, followed by an elongated spot, and by a sublateral broad fascia, broken near anterior margin, two rounded spots near base, and two smaller ones on anterior branches of cruciform elevation at base. Abdomen pale castaneous, disk piceous, gradually widening from base to apex, where it is wholly black. Under side body ochraceous and unspotted ; a black spot on inner margin of eyes, anterior tibiae and tarsi, apices of intermediate tibiae and tarsi, and apex of rostrum, piceous. Opercula pale greenish. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas, infuscated. Face broadly sulcated in centre, and transversely striated (many of the striae black) ; rostrum passing posterior coxae, and reaching inner angles of opercula. Opercula reaching the third abdominal segment, their outer margins subparallel with lateral abdominal margins, hipped and widest (but not meeting) near bases of posterior femora, from thence diverging and gradually narrowing to apex, which is obtusely angulated. Anterior femora with two long and prominent teeth, and a shorter one near apex. Posterior tibiae with three inner and two outer long marginal spines. Abdomen broad, apex obtuse. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 33 millim. Exp. tegm. 98 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam, North Khasi Hills, 1500 to 3000 ft. (Chennell — coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills (Calc. Mus.). 25. Cosmopsaltria opalifera. (Tab. V., fig. 2, a, I.) DunduUa opalifera, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 56, n. 16 (1850). Head and thorax above olivaceous ; head with the lateral striations to and a spot near base of front, the area of the ocelli, and a large irregular lateral fascia in front of eyes, black ; pronotum with two central black fasciae in somewhat hourglass-shape, the furrows, a spot near each lateral angle of posterior margin, and the extreme lateral margin, black ; mesonotum with five large black fasciate spots, of which two are obconical with their bases on the anterior margin, one large central and subtriangular, ";: Mr. A. W. Chennell, in the year 1878, probably brought home the finest collection of insects — principally Coleoptera and Rhynchota — which had till then been made on the North-Eastern Frontier of India. This collection had been made by himself, and chiefly on the North Khasi, the Eastern Garo, and the Naga Hills. I described and enumerated the Heteroptera (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1879); the Coleoptera were examined by Mr. Bates, and found a home in his rich collection. Mr. Chennell, shortly after his return to India, met with an accident, which ultimately caused his death ; but he should be always remembered as an enthusiastic and assiduous collector in Entomology. f A form of the two-fold female nature of Siva— (Bhairvi Durgii) — a malignant being delighting in blood. — (Monier Williams). ORIENTAL CICADID^E. 57 and one somewhat broken occupying each lateral area ; abdomen above blackish,* the tympanal coverings ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, and opercula ochraceous ; apices of anterior femora, the apices of the tibiae and tarsi, the transverse striations and longitudinal sulcation to face, and the margins of the opercula black ; abdomen beneath castaneous, the apex pitchy. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish ; tegmina with the costal membrane brownish-ochraceous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated. The opercula are short, narrowed and angulated at apices, and reach the third abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim. Hab. — COREA (Belcher t— Brit. Mus.). JAPAN (Fryer— coll. Dist.) ; Yokohama (Brass. Mus.) ; Tokio (Lewis — coll. Dist.) ; Southern Isld. (Leech — coll. Dist.). This appears to be a somewhat abundant species in Japan ; each of the collections made by Messrs. Lewis, Pryer, and Leech contained it, and in fair series. 26. Cosmopsaltria microdon. (Tab. IV., fig. 16, a, b.) Dundulria microdon, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 55, n. 15 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 40 (1885). Closely allied to C. opalifera, Walk., but larger; the opercula are much longer, and extend to the penultimate segment of the abdomen ; they are also less concavely sinuate and more gradually narrowed towards apex. The body is relatively much more robust. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 90 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : " North India," sic (Wallich — Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (coll. Dist.). 27. Cosmopsaltria nicomache. (Tab. IV., fig. 12, a, b.) Dundubia nicomache, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 67, n, 80 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 224, n. 44 (1885). Cicada delineata, Walk. Ins. Saund., Horn. p. 17 (1858). As a female is here figured, Walker's description of that sex is also given as follows : — " Black, testaceous beneath. Head testaceous about the eyes, and with two irregular testaceous stripes. Front testaceous, with transverse black streaks. Prothorax with six various black stripes ; sutures partly black; margin testaceous, with three black spots on each side. Mesothorax with six irregular testaceous stripes, and with a testaceous spot and a testaceous dot on each side in front between the intermediate and exterior pair of stripes. Abdomen with a testaceous band on the hind border of each segment ; under side mostly testaceous. Legs testaceous ; femora and tibiae with black stripes. Wings vitreous; veins black, testaceous towards the base; first transverse vein upright, slightly curved, parted by more than thrice its length from the second, which is slightly oblique ; third and fourth oblique." $ . Male with the opercula ochraceous, broad and long, their outer margins parallel with the lateral margins of the abdomen, their inner margins straight, parallel and contiguous for a short distance, and then gradually and convexly oblique to apices, which are broad, rounded, and extend to the upper margin of the penultimate segment of the abdomen. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 to 80 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : North India, sic (Warwick — Brit. Mus.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.) ; Upper Assam, Margherita (Doherty — coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills (coll. Dist.). This appears to be a somewhat abundant species in the hilly region to which it is apparently confined. * By some mischance the figure in printing has failed to maintain its dark coloration. f This insect was evidently discovered and captured during the surveying voyage of H.M.S. ' Samarang,' commanded by Capt. Sir Edwd. Belcher, with Dr. A. Adams on board as Naturalist. 68 ORIENTAL CICAD1VM. 28. Cosmopsaltria minahassae.* (Tab. VI., fig. 17, «,/>.) Cosmopsaltria minahassce, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 294 (1888). Dundiiliia ilnryca, Walk, (nee Boisd.), List Horn. i. p. 47 (1850). $ . Body above pale obscure olivaceous, more or less covered with pale ochraceous pile. Head with the front anteriorly striated and with two apical, black, central spots ; vertex with some scattered black spots, the ocelli reddish. Pronotum with a central, longitudinal, ochraceous fascia, bordered with black and with an irregularly rounded black linear spot near each lateral margin. Mesonotum with seven black spots, three central and two near each lateral margin, and a black spot in front of anterior angles of cruciform elevation. Tympana with grey pilosity ; abdomen above also much shaded with greyish pile. Body beneath greyish, with an olivaceous tinge ; apical portion of the face black ; apices of the femora and tibiae and the tarsi dark fuscous ; apical abdominal segment infuscated, anal appendage with a central fuscous fascia. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, venation brownish, ochraceous at the base of upper ulnar area, and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas broadly infuscated. The opercula are pale olivaceous, somewhat gradually narrowing towards apices, which are obtusely angulated and reaching the apex of the fourth abdominal segment ; rostrum reaching the second abdominal segment, its apex fuscous. Long. excl. tegm. 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 100 millim. Hab.— MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO: Celebes, Menado (coll. Dist.) ; Ceram (Brit. Mus.). A specimen of this species from Ceram was identified by Mr. Walker as Dundubia doryca, Boisd., and thus catalogued by him. aaaa. Opercula short. 29. Cosmopsaltria sita. (Tab. IV., fig. 5, a, 6.) Cosmopsaltria sita, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 686 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 226, n. 55 (1885). $ . Head : front with a central fascia furcate anteriorly, and an oblique spot on each side at the base ; vertex with a large triangular spot enclosing ocelli, and an irregular longitudinal fascia near inner margin of eyes, black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae joined and rounded near posterior margin, widened and angulated near anterior margin ; on each side of these is a small discal waved line, and two oblique fasciae near lateral margins (the outer one submarginal and rounded), black. Mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia ; on each side of this a clavate, smaller and suboblique fascia, followed by two linear spots on anterior margin, and a discal waved irregular fascia on each side. Abdomen with the segments (excluding first) more or less piceous at base, and with a lateral segmental row of piceous spots. Body beneath ochraceous and unicolorous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the venation of basal half ochraceous, and apical half fuscous ; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas broadly infuscated ; transverse veins at bases of first and second ulnar areas fuscous, ochraceous at junction. The head, including eyes, is considerably narrower than base of pronotum ; the face is only moderately convex, sulcated from beyond the middle, the sides distinctly striated (the face has also an oblong spot bordered with black at base, and the upper striations are also of that colour). The opercula reach the third abdominal segment ; they are moderately truncate outwardly, widened and angulated inwardly (but not meeting) on first abdominal segment, and then diverging and narrowing to apex, which is obtuse and rounded ; the inner margin is slightly convex. Kostrum reaching a little beyond posterior coxae. Anterior femora with two strong spines. Long. excl. tegm. 24 millim. Exp. tegm. 73 millim. Hah.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : Bombay Province (coll. Dist.) ; Karwar (Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.). * "The word Minahassa means a country that has been formed by the binding together of a number of territories into one. The principal word in it is derived from ' asa,' meaning ' one ' ; the verb ' mahasa ' signifies ' to join into one,' whilst the prefix ' ni ' turns the word into a substantive." — S. J. Hickson, ' A Naturalist in North Celebes,' p. 205. ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 59 30. Cosmopsaltria diminuta. (Tab. XII., fig. 14, a, b.) Dundubia diminuta, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 74, n. 86 (1850) ; ibid. iv. tab. 1, f. 1 (1852). Head and thorax above dark ochraceous ; head much suffused with dark fuscous, eyes castaneous ; pronotum with two central longitudinal black linear fasciae, on each side of which is a small black spot, and a black patch occupying each lateral area; meaonotum with two central obconical black spots on anterior margin, between which is a central black longitudinal lino, a large spot occupying each lateral area, and a small spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen above ochraceous, much suffused with black on disk, the apex and some lateral marginal spots also black. Body beneath, opercula and legs ochraceous ; face with the lateral striations black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous ; tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated, and in some specimens some faint and small fuscous marginal spots at apices of the longitudinal veins to the upper apical areas. Opercula small, their inner margins oblique, their apices broadly rounded and reaching the third abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 19 to 20 millim. Exp. tegm. 50 to 55 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Bombay Province, Karwar (Calc. Mus. & coll. Dist.). This is another species now localised for the first time, as Walker's type was without a habitat. B. Head broad, the front not prominently produced. e. Opercula broad, more or less constricted on each side near base, their apices broadly rounded. f. Tegmina with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated. 31. Cosmopsaltria doryca. (Tab. VII., fig. 1, a, b.) Cicada doryca, Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. ii. p. 609, 1, Hem. t. 10, f. 3 (1882). Cosmopsaltria doryca, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 170 (1866). Body above brownish-ochraceous ; head with the ocelli narrowly margined with black ; prouotum with two central longitudinal black linear fascias, rounded and united posteriorly, the outer sutures also black ; mesonotum with five black fasciae, consisting of one central straight and crossing disk, on each side of this a shorter curved fascia, and a longer slightly waved fascia on each lateral area, a black spot on apices of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation and a similarly coloured spot on anterior margin between the two outer fasciae ; abdomen above with a central black spot at base, followed by a central linear spot on the following segment, and a black spot at base of each tympanal covering, lateral margins more or less greyishly pilose. Body beneath ochraceous ; apices of the tibiae, anterior and intermediate tarsi, apex of the rostrum, and the inner and apical margins of the opercula, black ; abdomen beneath brownish-ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish-ochraceous; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated. The opercula are broad, concavely sinuate on each side near base, and then more or less convexly rounded to apices, which are broad and obtusely rounded, and extend to the anterior margin of the fifth abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. <? , 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 105 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : New Guinea, Amberbaki (coll. Dist.) ; Mansinam and Awek Jobi (Bruijn* — Genoa Mus.) ; Dorey (Voy. de L'Astrolabe). * " Negociant a, Ternate" — " En 1875-76, le navire a, vapeur de 1'Etat Soerabaja, commando par le capitaine-lientenant P. Swaan, fit un voyage tres important a la Nouvelle-Guinee. Ce navire avait a son bord le resident de Ternate, A. J. Langeveldt van Hemert, deux princes de Tidore, le celebre naturaliste O. Beccari et M. Bruijn." — Prince Roland Bonaparte, ' Les derniers Voyages des Neerlandais a la Nouvelle-Guinee,' p. 3 (1885). 60 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. This species is at present only recorded from the north-western coast of the island of New Guinea. Boisduval only figured the underside, and that by comparison will be found to be but moderately accurate. ff. Tegmina more or less spotted. 32. Cosmopsaltria lata. (Tab. VII., fig. 4, a, b.) Diindubia lata, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 87, n. 14 (1867). The following is Walker's description : — "Male. Testaceous, broad. Head black between the ocelli, and with a transverse black mark on the face next the front. Prothorax with a narrow abbreviated black band on the fore border, and with two black points on the hind border of the scutellum. Mesothorax with five slender black stripes ; middle stripe fusiform towards the hind border ; inner pair widely interrupted, consisting of a clavate streak in front, and of a dot near the hind border ; outer pair widely interrupted, forming a point on the fore border and a posterior streak ; a little lanceolate black streak on the fore border between the inner pair of stripes and the outer pair. Abdomen piceous, tawny beneath. Ventral opercula white-bordered, full half the length of the abdomen, with two broad bands; first band brown; second blackish. Wings pellucid; transverse veins, from the first to the fourth, clouded with dark brown ; vein along the apical hind part of the second discoidal areolet clouded with dark brown ; a fusiform dark brown spot on each of the seven marginal veins ; veins pale ochraceous, with a few black marks." Long. excl. tegm. $ , 37 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Timor (Forbes — coll. Dist.) ; Bouru (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). 33. Cosmopsaltria capitata. (Tab. VII., fig. 6, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria capitata, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 523 (1888). $ . Body above olivaceous-brown. Head with the anterior margins darker, the ocelli red. Pronotum with the anterior margin, two contiguous central longitudinal lines from which two oblique lines radiate from about centre on each side, an irregular spot, an oblique line on apical area, and the inner border of posterior margin castaneous ; the lateral angles of posterior margin ochraceous. Mesonotum with three slender and obscure central fasciae forming two fused obconical spots. Abdomen above olivaceous-brown, the tympanal coverings ochraceous. Body beneath paler, the face with the lateral striations castaneous, the anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation fuscous and ochraceous ; tegmina with a black and ochraceous costal spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at bases of second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a marginal row of fuscous spots situate on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. The head is considerably produced in front of the eyes ; the rostrum just passes the posterior coxae ; the opercula are short, broad, nearly meeting, slightly concave outwardly, and their apices are broad, somewhat obliquely convex, and about reaching the base of the fourth abdominal segment ; they are also pale obscure ochraceous and unicolorous. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 35 millim. Exp. tegm. 116 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Aru Islds. (Rosenberg — Leyden Mus.) ; Wokan (Beccari — Genoa Mus.) ; Salwatty Isld., Kulo-kaddi (D'Albertis — Genoa Mus.). NEW GUINEA: Dorey (Beccari — Genoa Mus.). ee. Opercula constricted at base, but very much broader at apex than at base. 34. Cosmopsaltria serva. (Tab. IX., fig. 3, b.) I'nndubia serva, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 60, n. 20 (1850). The headless type of this species is alone known to the writer ; it is here figured, and the original description of Walker is reproduced : — ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 61 " Head wanting ; body brownish -tawny ; fore-chest broadest near the base of the fore-wings ; scutcheon adorned with two black stripes, furrows blackish; hind-scutcheon tawny, with a black hind border, widened, slightly angular and armed with a moderate sized tooth on each side ; scutcheon of the middle- chest adorned with five black stripes ; the side pairs oblique, the inner pair short, the outer pair much interrupted ; hind border tawny, very slightly excavated ; breast tawny ; abdomen obconical, much longer than the chest, tawny beneath ; opercula blackish ; drums tawny, very large, more than half the length of the abdomen, narrow at the base, slightly overlapping towards their tips ; legs tawny ; fore-shanks, feet, and tips of the other shanks darker ; tips of the claws black ; fore-thighs armed with three black teeth, of these two are long, and one is very small ; wings colourless ; veins black, tawny towards the base and along the fore border." " Length of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 36 lines." Hab. — COREA (Belcher — Brit. Mus.). 35. Cosmopsaltria spathulata. (Tab. VI., fig. 3, a, 6.) C. (Cosmopsaltria) spathulata, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forli. 1870, p. 709, n. 4. A typical specimen belonging to the Stockholm Museum is here figured, and therefore Stal's original description is also given : — " Remote griseo-sericea, olivacea-flavescens, in ferrugineum leviter vergens, scutello dorsoque abdominis obscurioribus, limbo thoracis pallescente ; maculis eapitis, vittis duabus mediis ad limbum posticum abbreviatis thoracis, vittis angustis tribus, lateralibus ante medium, media pone medium abbreviata, maculisque parvis duabus posterioribus scutelli nigris ; tegminibus alisque sordide vitreis, immaculatis, venis olivaceo-flavescentibus, pone medium fuscis." " $ , 2 . 'Long. 26—28, lat. 9J— 10, exp. tegm. 78—80 mill." Hab.— PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). As the species is here figured it is unnecessary to give Stal's structural diagnosis, the principal features being carefully pourtrayed. 36. Cosmopsaltria operculissima. (Tab. V., fig. 5, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria operculissima, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 641. 3 . Body above castaneous. Head with lateral margins of front, lateral margins of vertex, area of ocelli, and an irregular spot between ocelli and eyes, black. Pronotum with two central, longitudinal, slightly curved, black fasciae, concave externally, a small curved fascia on each side of disk, and the oblique striae also black. Mesonotum very dark castaneous, with two obconical spots on anterior margin, denoted by black margins, and with some very indistinct darker shadings on lateral sides of disk. Cruciform elevation at base pale castaneous. Abdomen somewhat darker on disk and near lateral margins. Body beneath much paler, and clothed with ochraceous pubescence ; face castaneous, with the centre black ; opercula ochraceous, with a broad subapical fuscous band, both above and below. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; veins, costal membrane, basal area, and claval margin of tegmina, castaneous. Abdomen very short, less than length from front of head to base of mesonotum; head broad, including eyes, equal to width of pronotum at base ; opercula very large, about reaching apex of abdomen, and abutting on each side of apical lateral margins ; they are narrow, and situated wide apart at base, narrowed and concave on each side about basal abdominal segment, and then broadly widened and convex on each side, particularly so inwardly, where they considerably overlap on disk of abdomen. Apices broad, and somewhat angularly rounded. Face with a broad central sulcation, and the sides strongly and transversely striated. Piostrum about reaching posterior coxae. B 62 ORIENTAL CICADID^E. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 millim. Exp. tegm. 78 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : BOKNEO: Sandakan (Pryer — coll. Dist.). The peculiar structure of the opercula which allies this and the two preceding species, has in C. operculissima reaching its maximum development. It is, however, more than probable that other allied species remain to be discovered. eee. Opercula slightly constricted at base, narrowed towards apex. 37. Cosmopsaltria mongolica. (Tab. IV., fig. 3, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria mongolica, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 638. Body above ochraceous ; head with the black markings as in C. durga ; pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae placed close together, narrowed, rounded, and meeting on posterior margin, more separated and widened on anterior margin, and on each side of these a curved fascia followed by two oblique ones. Mesonotum marked and spotted as in C. durga. Abdomen with a series of transverse, irregular, dull castaneous discal fasciae, becoming confluent, and occupying the whole of apex, and a lateral segmental series of irregular- shaped spots of the same colour. Body beneath pale ochraceous, a large spot on inner margin of eyes, apical margins of face and apex of rostrum, piceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline. Face not prominently convex, with the disk sulcated and the margins strongly striated. Eostrum passing posterior coxse, about reaching inner angles of opercula; opercula reaching third abdominal segment, with the outer margins parallel with lateral margins of abdomen for half their length, then becoming convex, and again narrowed to apex, widened inwardly, but not meeting at apex of first abdominal segment, and then narrowed and divergent to apex, which is broad and rounded. Posterior tibiae with two long spines on inner and outer margins. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim. CHINA: Northern district? (coll. Dist.). 38. Cosmopsaltria silhetana. (Tab. VI., fig. 1, a, b.) Cosmopsaltria silhetana, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 295 (1888). Body above shining brownish olivaceous. Head with two central black spots on front and with an irregular black fascia across vertex, widening at area of ocelli, and the posterior margin of the eyes black. Pronotum with two central black fasciae, the oblique incisures black, the basal margin greenish. Mesonotum with the following black markings : — a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a slightly oblique obconical spot ; these are each followed by a very much smaller spot, and again by a short, broad, irregular spot, all starting from anterior margin ; two long discal spots and a small rounded spot in front of each anterior angle of basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above with the disk much shaded with dark shining fuscous ; posterior segmental margins greenish. Body beneath very pale olivaceous, with a greyish tinge ; face with the apex and a central fascia black ; apex of rostrum, apices of the tibiae, anterior tarsi, and bases and apices of intermediate and posterior tibiss fuscous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, venation brownish ; costal membrane and base of upper ulnar area ochraceous ; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated. The rostrum reaches the apex of the posterior coxes ; the opercula gradually narrow towards apices, •which are obtusely angulated and reach the fourth abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 72 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Sylhet (coll. Dist.). ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 68 39. Cosmopsaltria opercularis. (Tab. V., fig. 16, a, b.) DunduMa opercularis, Walker, Ins. Saund., Horn. p. 7 (1858). As the specimens of this species now contained in my collection have been preserved in spirit, and thus lost their original coloration, I give Walker's original description : — " Male. Green, varied with testaceous. Head with a black band, which is interrupted and contains two spots on each side ; front with the usual black streaks. Prothorax with some black marks on each side, and with a testaceous black-bordered stripe. Mesothorax with a black stripe, which is dilated hindwards, and has a black dot on each side ; two incomplete and irregular lateral black stripes. Abdomen testaceous, with a row of black spots along each side ; dorsal opercula large, conical ; ventral opercula elongate-conical, two-thirds of the length of the abdomen. Wings vitreous, their tips very slightly tinged with pale brown; veins green or testaceous, black towards the tips. Fore wings with a whitish stigma; first and second transverse veins clouded with black; first curved, almost upright, parted by more than twice its length from the second, which is oblique ; third and fourth hardly undulating." - Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 to 32 millim. Exp. tegm. 66 to 90 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Celebes (Brit. Mus. ; Meyer — Dresd. Mus. & coll. Dist.). This species not only varies greatly in size, but also appears to be strictly confined to Celebes. 40. Cosmopsaltria lutulenta. (Tab. VII., fig. 7, a, b.) Cosnwpsaltriq lutulenta, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 522 (1888). Body above dark brownish. Head with the margins of the ocelli, the posterior margins of eyes and a spot on margin of vertex at each side of front, black. Pronotum with two black central marginal spots both on anterior and posterior margins, the incisures also somewhat blackish. Mesonotum with five black fasciae ; the central one slender and longitudinal, followed on each side by a short and inwardly curved fascia, the lateral fasciae long, broad and broken ; between the two last fascite is a short marginal spot and a rounded spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Body beneath pale brownish, the abdomen — excluding anal appendage — darker brown. Tegrnina and wings obscure hyaline, the venation fuscous, the tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated. The face is long and somewhat compressed, the transverse striations somewhat blackish ; the rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are well separated, concavely sinuate near base, narrowed to, and rounded at, apices, which reach the base of the fifth abdominal segment. The third apical area of the tegmina is long and has its base at about centre of upper ulnar area. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: New Guinea, Salwatty (D'Albertis — Genoa Mus.). This is one of the few species captured by Signor D'Albertis during his stay at the island of Salwatty,* and at present our knowledge of the New Guinea Cicadidw is quite confined to those found in its North -We stern Regions. I have seen no specimens of the family captured by this naturalist during his explorations of the Fly River. * It is more than probable that the insect fauna of Salwatty is still very little known, as Signor D'Albertis had bad health during his visit. " It is hardly a fortnight since we disembarked on this island with our four servants, and to-day all of us, with the exception of Beccari, have been attacked by fever." — (D'Albertis, ' New Guinea," vol. i. p. 44). 64 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 41. Cosmopsaltria impar. (Tab. X., fig. 16, a, b.) Dundulda impar. Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 86, n. 18 (1867). This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the British Museum, a figure of which, with the original description, is here given : — " Male. Green. Head and thorax more or less testaceous. Head with a black ringlet about each of the ocelli, and with two elongated black dots on each side of the front ; face with a middle abbreviated black line, and with transverse black points along each side. Prothorax with two black lines as in D. latilinea, but the lines are much interrupted; a black point on each, point; sutures partly black. Mesothorax with five black stripes ; middle stripe entire ; inner pair composed of a streak and a hinder spot, the streak dilated at its hind end and slightly curved ; outer pair interrupted near the fore border, much excavated in the middle ; a lanceolate black spot on the fore border between the inner pair and the outer. Abdomen tawny ; hind borders of the segments green ; a large black spot at the base ; underside with interrupted piceous bands ; an entire hinder black band. Ventral opercula full two-thirds of the length of the abdomen. Anterior tarsi with piceous tips. Wings pellucid ; veins ochraceous, varied with black ; first and second transverse veins with elongated blackish spots." " Var. />. Lines of the prothorax entire." "Female. Testaceous. Middle stripe of the mesothorax sometimes interrupted; outer pair very much interrupted. Abdomen with black points along each side above and beneath ; a black lanceolate spot on each side near the tip; underside with a black middle spot near the tip." " Length of the body 11 — 12 lines, of the wings 36—38 lines." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Waigiou (Wallace* — Brit. Mus.). 42. Cosmopsaltria insularis. (Tab. IX., fig. 12, a, b.) Dundulia insularis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 8 (1858). " Male. Testaceous. Head with black transverse streaks on each side of the face, and with a black band on the vertex. Prothorax with two black stripes, which are dilated in front and behind, and with six black lateral streaks ; sides edged with black, denticulate in the middle. Mesothorax with a black stripe, which is widened hindward, and accompanied by a black dot on each side ; four lateral streaks, the inner pair short. Abdomen with black transverse marks near the base, and with a row of black dots on each side. Wings vitreous ; veins testaceous, black towards the tips. Fore wiugs with the first and second transverse veins oblique, shaded with black, parted from each other by a little more than their joint length ; third and fourth very oblique, of equal length." " Length of the body 11 lines ; of the wings 28 lines." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Celebes (Pfeifferf — Brit. Mus.). I only know this species from the type specimen (which is here figured) now contained in the collection of the British Museum. * Mr. Wallace stayed at this island from July to September, 1860, and during that limited period, " For near a month we had wet weather, the sun either not appearing at all, or only for an hour or two ahout noon " (Wallace, ' Malay Archipelago'). This again clearly shows the difficulties under which adventurous naturalists labour, and the results of their visits afford samples only of these insular faunas. f Madame Ida Pfeiffer, who collected the specimen which founded this species, closed her visits to the Sunda Islands by a short stay at Celebes about the year 1853. It has been well said of this accomplished traveller: — "If we compare the results of Ida Pfeiffer's undertakings with the limited means at her disposal for carrying out her plans, her achievements appear marvellous. She traversed nearly 150,000 miles by sea and 20,000 miles by land ; and the funds for these travels were obtained entirely by wise economy and by the energy with which she kept the goal continually before her eyes." ORIENTAL CICADIDJS. 65 f. Body much elongated. 43. Cosmopsaltria albostriata. (Tab. VIII., fig. 1, «, /;.) Cosmopsaltria allwstnatii , Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 824 (1888). $ . Head and thorax above ochraceous ; head with the anterior margin of front, the area of the ocelli, a small central spot on anterior and posterior margins of pronotum, and a small spot behind each eye, black ; mesonotum with two obconical linear basal spots, which have a broken linear fascia on each side, and a spot near apex of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen above pale castaneous, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous, and with two dorsal sublateral white fasciae extending from base to about two-thirds of the abdominal length. Body beneath and legs ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous, inclining to fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas very narrowly infuscated. The opercula are short and somewhat broad, concave a little beyond base, with their apices broadly rounded and about reaching the apex of the second abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (coll. Dist.). This species has the elongated and posteriorly attenuated abdomen, so strongly represented in some of the Polynesian and Australian species of the genus, such as C. distans, Walk., and C. stuarti, Dist. g. Opercula not or only slightly constricted on each side at base. h. Opercula long, extending to, or near, apex of abdomen. 44. Cosmopsaltria chlorogaster. (Tab. VII., fig. 5, a, b.) Cicada chlorogaster, Boisduval, Voy. Astrol. ii. p. 614, n. 5 ; Hem. t. 10, f. 4 (1882). Dundubia chlorogaster, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 5 (1850). Cosmopsaltria chlorogaster, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866). Dundubia maculosa, Walk. List Horn., Suppl. p. 9 (1858). Body above ochraceous, with the following black markings, viz. : — head with the margin of front and a broad irregular fascia between the eyes ; pronotum with two central longitudinal linear fasciae, expanded and united posteriorly, and a short linear fascia near each lateral margin; mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, with a shorter and inwardly curved one on each side, followed by a subobsolete obconical spot and a spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation ; abdomen with transverse segmental fasciae and a spot at each lateral margin of the second segment. Body beneath, legs and opercula ochraceous, apices of the tibiae, and the tarsi blackish ; a black fascia between eyes crossing the anterior margin of face. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, and with the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas, infuscated. Opercula reaching the apex of the abdomen, broad, with their apices obtusely rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Celebes (Pfeiffer — Brit. Mus.) ; Menado (Bruijn — Genoa Mus.). SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS : Vanikoro (Voy. Astrol.). There can be little doubt that though this species is shown to have such an extended range, it will ultimately be proved to have a more connected and continuous distribution than the above recorded habitats would imply. There can be no question about its presence in 66 ORIENTAL C1CADIDM. Celebes, and we may confidently expect it to be received from New Guinea when further collections of Cicadidce are made in that island. 45. Cosmopsaltria gemina. (Tab. VII., fig. 3, a, b). Cosmopsaltria gemina, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2 a, vol. vi. p. 522 (1888). Allied to C. chlorogastcr, Boiscl., but differing by the longer and more brownish-olivaceous body ; the vertex of the head with an anterior transverse black fascia enclosing ocelli, the front more produced anteriorly, the tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third and fifth apical areas infuscated, the opercula relatively shorter to the length of the body, about reaching the base of the anal segment and more concavely sinuate on the outer margins. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 94 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN PENINSULA : Celebes, Gorontalo (Eosenberg — Leyden Mus.) ; Goram (D'Albertis — Genoa Mus.). hh. Opercula not extending to or near apex of abdomen. 46. Cosmopsaltria recedens. (Tab. X., fig. 14, a, b.) Dundubia recedens, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 85, n. 11 (1867). This is another of those species only known to the writer by the typical specimen in the British Museum. " Male, Testaceous, slightly tinged with green. Head black about the ocelli ; a transverse black dot on each side in front ; face with a short black middle stripe and with transverse black streaks along each side. Prothorax with two black lines, which diverge from each other towards the fore border and towards the hind border ; a black curved streak on each side in the disk ; sutures black. Mesothorax black ; four stripes and hind part testaceous. Abdomen black ; hind borders of the segments more or less tawny ; underside white at the tip. Ventral opercula green, about two-thirds of the length of the abdomen. Femora and fore tibiae striped with black ; anterior tarsi black. Wings pellucid ; veins black, testaceous or green towards the base; stigma pale testaceous; first and second transverse veins clouded with blackish." " Length of the body 11 lines ; of the wings 34 lines." Hab. — MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO : New Guinea : (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). 47. Cosmopsaltria junctivitta. (Tab. X., fig. 2, a, b.) Dundubia junctivitta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 89, n. 16 (1867). " Male. Testaceous. Head with a broad transverse black line, which is broadest about the ocelli ; a black angular line on the front ; face with a middle black line, which is abbreviated towards the front, and with black transverse streaks along each side. Prothorax with two black lines, which diverge from each other, and are dilated towards the fore border and towards the hind border ; a piceous lunule on each side in the disk ; a piceous stripe on each side ; sutures mostly black. Mesothorax black ; two testaceous stripes, each of which is narrow and lanceolate in front and contains a black spot near its hind end ; hind part testaceous, with a black mark on each side. Abdomen with shining cinereous tomentum, and with five lines of piceous spots; middle spot at the base black, large, lanceolate. Ventral opercula about two-thirds the length of the abdomen. Tibise piceous towards the tips ; tarsi piceous. Wings pellucid ; veins ochraceous, partly black ; an elongated blackish dot on the first transverse vein, and another on the second ; a very small elongated blackish dot on each of the seven marginal veins." " Length of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 40 lines." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Ternate (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). ORIENTAL ClCADIDjE. 67 48. Cosmopsaltria obtecta. (Tab. V., fig. 13, a, b.) Tettit/finia obtecta, Fabricius, Syst. Khyng. p. 85, n. 11 (1808). Cicada obtecta, Germ, in Them. Ent. Arch. ii. 2, p. 5, n. 58 (1880). Cosmopsaltria obtecta, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeits. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 4, n. 1 (1869). C. (Diceropyya) obtecta, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fiirh. 1870, p. 708, mte. Dundubia bicandata, Walk. List Horn., Suppl. p. 9 (1858). Cosmopsaltria bitaudata, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeits. x. p. 171 (1866). C. (Diceropyya) bicaudata, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fork 1870, p. 708, note. Dundubia sulapicalis, Walk. Jovfrn. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 87, n. 15 (1867). Head, pronotum, mesonotum, and tympanal coverings greenish-ochraceous. Abdomen above ochra- ceous. Head with the anterior margins of front, a narrow undulating fascia between eyes, a submarginal stripe to vertex, and a spot at anterior angles of vertex, black ; eyes fuscous. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae — united posteriorly — on each side of these a discal linear spot, and the furrows, and a curved spot on lateral margins, black. Mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, which has on each side a shorter fascia connected at about centre, a submarginal linear fascia and a spot at anterior angles of basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen with a basal and some more obscure discal blackish spots. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula greenish-ochraceous, abdomen beneath ochraceous ; some lateral spots to face, a spot between face and eyes, a spot on each side of apex of face, longitudinal streaks to femora, subapical annulations to tibis, the tarsi and apex of rostrum dark fuscous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation alternately brownish and ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas infuscated, the fifth and seventh only slightly infuscated, and a series of small marginal fuscous spots situate on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. The opercula are well separated with their outer margins nearly straight. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 24 to 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 to 85 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Amboina (Forbes — coll. Dist.) ; Ceram (Pfeiffer and Wallace — Brit. Mus.) ; Batchian (Wallace — Brit. Mus.) ; Ternate (Wallace — Brit. Mus. ; V. Lansberg — Leyden Mus. ; Beccari — Genoa Mus.) ; Gilolo (Wallace — Brit. Mus ; Beccari — Genoa Mus.) ; Aru (Wallace — Brit. Mus. ; Beccari — Genoa Mus.). NEW GUINEA: Salwatty (Genoa Mus.) ; South -East District (coll. Dist.). DUKE OF YORK ISLAND (coll. Dist.). The proper identification of this species has hitherto been much obscured, owing to Walker having erroneously catalogued it as representing an Indian species, C. saturata, Walk. (antea, p. 54), and Mr. Atkinson, thus misled, refers to C. obtecta, in his excellent Catalogue, as from Sikkim and Assam.* I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. K. Brandt, of the Kiel Museum, for an examination of a typical specimen of Fabricius's species. 49. Cosmopsaltria pigafettae. (Tab. VIII., fig. 10, o, b.) Cosmopsaltria pigafetta, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 871 (1888). Body above brownish ochraceous; head with the whole frontal margin and a transverse fascia between the eyes black. Pronotum with two central, longitudinal, linear fasciae, on each side of which are two or three oblique, short, linear spots, and a broader fascia on each lateral margin black. Mesonotum with five linear fasciae ; the central crossing disk, on each side of this a shorter and curved fascia, and a broken fascia on each lateral area, black. Abdomen pilose, with some black spots at base. Body * J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 220 (1885). 68 ORIENTAL CICADID&. beneath brownish ochraceous ; face with a central black fascia, not reaching anterior margin, and a transverse series of black linear spots on each lateral margin ; some scattered spots on head, apex of the rostrum, some femoral streaks, the tarsi, and a transverse fascia at base of abdomen, black. Wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish or fuscous, the first with a small ochraceous costal spot at base of upper ulnar area, the transverse veins at bases of second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a marginal series of small fuscous spots, situate on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. The rostrum reaches the posterior coxas ; the opercula are ovate and extend to the third abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegrn. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 84 millirn. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Ternate (coll. Dist.) ; Bouro (Brussels Mus.). 50. Cosmopsaltria phaeophila. (Tab. XII., fig. 21, a, 6.) Dundttbia phaophila, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 52, n. 12 (1850). I have only been able to examine a female specimen of this species, so am unable to locate it sectionally in the genus. The following is Walker's description :— " Body brownish-tawny ; head a little narrower than the fore-chest ; black about the eyelets, adorned with two black spots on each side; face very convex, adorned with black bands on each side; mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips : feelers black : eyes prominent ; fore-chest broadest near the base of the fore-wings ; scutcheon adorned with two black stripes ; hind- scutcheon tawny, slightly widened and rounded near the base of each fore-wing, not notched but armed with a very small tooth on each side : scutcheon of the middle-chest armed with five black stripes and with two black dots, the latter near the hind border; the outer pair of stripes are in front, the inner pah- behind; hind border very slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest ; opercula tawny, drums tawny, with broad black bands, obconical, very large, slightly concave in the middle of the outer border, extending near to the tip of the abdomen : legs tawny ; tips of the claws black ; tips of the four hinder-shanks black ; fore-thighs armed with three teeth, one very small ; spines of the hind-shanks black ; fore-feet pitchy : wings tinged with pale brown, which is most prevalent at the tips; first and second cross veins clouded with dark- brown ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; flaps brown towards the base. " Length of the body 15 lines; of the wings 46 lines." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo (coll. Dist.). COREA (Belcher — Brit. Mus.). Genus POMPONIA. Pomponia, Stal, Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 6 (1866). Subgen. Pomponia, Stal, 6'fv. Vet.-Ak. Porh. 1870, p. 710. Subgen. Oncotympana, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710. Body variable, either long or very short and convex. Head, including eyes, about equal in width to anterior margin of mesonotum ; ocelli much farther apart from eyes than from each other ; face convex, slightly prominent above. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated and sinuated. Anterior femora distinctly spined. Tympana covered ; opercula short and transverse. Tegmina hyaline, with the basal cell longer than broad ; apical areas eight ; interior ulnar area sometimes widened at apex. This genus is allied to Dundubia and Cosmopsaltria, from both of which it is at once distinguished by the short and transverse opercula. It is also divisable, as pointed out by ORIENTAL C1CADIDJE. 69 Stal, into two distinct sections or subgenera, distinguished principally by the shape and length of the abdomen. The geographical distribution of Pomponia is strictly confined to the limits of our fauna. A. Abdomen long ; tympanal coverings of ordinary development only. a. Tegmina considerably spotted. 1. Pomponia imperatoria. (Tab. IX., fig. 15, a, I.) Cicada imperatoria, Westwood, Arcan. Ent. vol. i. p. 13, t. 51 (1842). Dundubia imperatoria, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 47, n. 1 (1850). Pomponia imperatoria, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 229, n. 67 (1885). Cicada adusta, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 102, n. 1 (1850). Body above brownish-ochraceous, in some specimens castaneous. Head with a central longitudinal spot to front, the area of the ocelli, a transverse spot behind eyes, and a spot at anterior angles of vertex, black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal linear fasciae not extending beyond centre — a central spot at the posterior margin — and the furrows black ; posterior margin greenish, with two black spots on each side. Mesonotum with two obconical central spots, from the junction of which a longitudinal fascia extends to posterior margin, four spots in transverse series at base, a spot on each lateral discal area, and sometimes some small spots at anterior margin black. Abdomen with the posterior margins of the abdominal segments narrowly black. Body beneath and legs brownish-ochraceous ; transverse striations and apex of face, anterior tibia, bases and apical thirds of intermediate tibiae, anterior and intermediate tarsi and apex of rostrum, black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous. Tegmina with the costal membrane and basal cell brownish or ochraceous, the claval area ochraceous or sanguineous ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas infuscated and a series of fuscous marginal spots at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings with the base of claval area ochraceous or sanguineous ; outer margin of claval area ochraceous. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 46 to 68 millim. ; ?, 41 to 60 millim. Exp. tegrn. $ , 137 to 180 millim. ; ? , 145 to 216 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA : Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Townsend & Doherty — coll. Dist.). JAVA (Argent — Brit. Mus.). BORNEO : Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; Sarawak (Genoa Mus.) ; Sandakan (Fryer —coll. Dist.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead— coll. Dist.). This is a most variable species, both as regards size and markings. The largest specimen I have yet seen is a female in my own collection from Perak, whose tegniina reach an expansion of 216 millim. In some of the smaller specimens the body is darker, and the markings to same and the spotting of the tegmina very indistinct. There almost seem to be two races of this species, one very much smaller and somewhat less prominently marked than the other. As I have elsewhere recorded, I captured this fine species myself, not unfrequently, when sojourning in the Malay Peninsula. It often frequented the dining-room, and on holding it between the fingers its stridulation caused a thrill through the nerves of the arm.* * It is probably this species described by Mr. Helms in Borneo : — " A green creature,' with transparent wings a couple of inches long, sent forth piercing sounds which may be heard a mile away. It begins with a strong trumpet-note, which has been likened to the sharpening of a steel knife on a grindstone, biit infinitely more penetrating. This note is very prolonged, and is followed rapidly by others, gradually getting fainter, at last dying away, when it begins anew with the first note, and so continues, filling the stillness of the night with its noisy trumpeting." — L. V. Helms, 'Pioneering in the Far East,' p. 141-2. 70 ORIENTAL CICADID.E. -2. Pomponia fusca. (Tab. VII., fig. 10, a, I.) Cicada fusca, Oliv. Enc. Muth. v. p. 749, n. 14, t. Ill, f. 3 (1790). Dundubia fusca, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 64, n. 26 (1850). Pomponia fusca, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 1. DunduMa linearis, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 48, n. 8 (1850) ; Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 480. Dundubia cinctimanus, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 49, n. 9 (1850). Dundubia ramifera, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 58, n. 18 (1850). Dundubia urania, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 64, n. 27 (1850). Pomponia linearis, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 228, n. 62 (1885). Stoll, Gig. fig. 86. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous. Head with the anterior margins of front, an irregular central fascia to vertex enclosing the ocelli, a large spot on inner side of eyes, and the anterior lateral angle of vertex, dark olivaceous. Pronotuni with a broad central longitudinal fascia, two large oblique spots on each lateral area, and a spot on the lateral margin, brownish-olivaceous. Mesonotum with seven brownish-olivaceous spots ; situate two central and obconical, between which is an arrow-shaped discal spot, a small spot on each side of the two central ones, and a long spot on each lateral area, two small spots of the same colour in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen pale castaneous with ochraceous pilosity. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale greenish ; upper and apical areas of face, a spot between face and eyes, posterior margins of eyes, anterior tibiae, apices of intermediate tibiae, a spot near apices of femora, apices of anterior and intermediate tarsi, apex of rostrum, and a triangular spot between the intermediate and posterior coxae, dark fuscous. Abdomen beneath dark ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; tegmina with the costal membrane greenish, transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth, seventh and eighth apical areas infuscated, and a marginal series of small fuscous spots situate at the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas ; the venation is otherwise ochraceous, sometimes replaced by black ; basal cell and claval margin brownish-ochraceous. Wings with the venation brownish-ochraceous ; claval margin darker in hue. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 35 to 50 millim. Exp. tegm. 87 to 125 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Assam, Margherita (Doherty — coll. Dist.) ; Sylhet (Sowerby & Stainforth — Brit. Mus.) ; Cachar (Judge — coll. Dist.) ; Naga Hills and Seebsagar (Gale. Mus.) ; Neelgiri Hills, North Slopes (Hampson — coll. Dist.). MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (Calc. Mus.). JAVA (coll. Sign.). PHILIPPINE ISLES (Semper — Stoekh. Mus.). JAPAN (Pryer — coll. Dist.). This is another variable species, both in size and markings, the tegmina in some specimens being much less strongly spotted than in others. 3. Pomponia graecina. (Tab. X., fig. 8, a, b.) Pomponia gracina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 421 (1889). $ . Allied to P. fusca, Oliv., but differing by having the two central fasciae of the pronotum much more diverted anteriorly, the two central obconical spots on the mesonotum much more contiguous, and all the tegminal macular markings on the transverse veins at bases of apical areas and at the apices of the longitudinal veins of the apical areas larger and more infuscated. The female rudimentary opercula, as compared with those of the same sex of P. fusca, are convex and rounded externally and not moderately angulated. Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 31 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN AKCHIPELAGO: Borneo, Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). ORIENTAL CJC. I I'll >/]•;. 71 4. Pomponia lactea. (Tab. VII., fig. 18, a, b.) l.?I>t<>i>*altri« lactea, Distant, Aim. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xx. p. 229 (1887). Head and pronotum ochraceous ; head with the front, the area of the ocelli, and a transverse streak in front of eyes reddish-ochraceous. Pronotum with the whole disk reddish ochraceous, with an indistinct, central, longitudinal fascia, on each side of which are two oblique excavated lines ; the margins pale ochraceous. Mesonotum obscure ochraceous, with two obscure and mostly castaneous, central, obconical spots, on each side of which is a curved broken fascia of the same colour, and a large spot in front of the cruciform basal elevation. Abdomen above ochraceous, with a broad, central, castaneous fascia, which is notched and channelled outwardly ; stigmata also castaneous. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; apices of the femora, bases and apices of the tibia, the tarsi, a spot on apical segment of abdomen, and apex of the rostrum, castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, with a strong milky-white suffusion or reflexion. Tegmina with the veins alternately ochraceous and castaneous ; the costal membrane and a small costal spot at base of upper ulnar area ochraceous ; transverse veins at bases of apical areas more or less infuscated, and a marginal row of pale fuscous spots placed on the apices of the veins. Wings with the venation dark castaneous and unspotted. Long. excl. tegrn. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (Doherty — coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ABCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.). The body is long and gradually tapering towards apex ; the lateral margins of the pronotum are concavely sinuate, not angulated. The face is broad and tumid, the central sulcation small and only distinct on apical half; the transverse ridges prominent. The rostrum extends a little beyond posterior cox£. The opercula are small, only reaching the basal segment of the abdomen ; they are outwardly oblique, broadly convex at apices, and again obliquely directed inwardly and upwardly. 5. Pomponia picta. (Tab. VII., fig. 11, a, b.) Dundubia picta, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 90, n. 17 (18G7). " Female. Ferruginous. Head blackish about the eyes ; two irregular green stripes ; a green stripe in front, interrupted on the face, which is piceous and has transverse tawny streaks along each side. Prothorax with a very broad green stripe, which is contracted in the middle, and contains two black stripes ; these stripes are contracted near the fore border and near the hind border, where they are much dilated ; an oblique irregular green stripe on each side ; postscutellum green. Mesothorax with a blackish dot on each side on the fore border, between two green streaks; two green patches on the hind border. Abdomen with four piceous stripes, of which the inner pair are very broad. Ventral opercula green. Legs green ; fore femora and posterior tibije with piceous bands ; middle femora striped with piceous ; posterior tibiae piceous at each end ; anterior tarsi piceous. Wings pellucid ; a zigzag oblique dark-brown streak, which includes the first, second, and third transverse veins; fourth and fifth transverse veins clouded with dark brown, as are also the veins at the base of the sixth marginal areolet ; a dark brown dot on each side of the third discoidal areolet ; an elongated brown dot on each of the marginal veins ; veins black, with pale green bands ; costa pale green." " Length of the body 17 lines, of the wings 40 lines." Hab.— MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Wallace— Brit. Mus. ; Beccari— Genoa Mus. ; Ludeking— Leyden Mus.). 72 ORIENTAL CICADID&. 6. Pomponia singularis. (Tab. VI., fig. 4, a, b.) l>undu!nii singultiris, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 7 (1858); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 225, n. 48 (1885). " Male. Testaceous, slender, partly green, very pale beneath. Head black between the ocelli, and with a black dot on each side in front. Prothorax with two black dots by the border, which is narrow behind, but much dilated on the hind part of each side ; the latter is notched in the middle. Mesothorax with an oblique green stripe on each side. Abdomen with four rows of triangular brown spots. Opercula small. Wings vitreous, with testaceous streaks between the transverse marginal veinlets and the border ; veins green or testaceous. Fore wings narrow, with the transverse veins and the forks of the longitudinal veins clouded with testaceous ; a testaceous spot at the tip of each marginal vein communicating with a slight testaceous streak on each marginal areolet ; a testaceous dot on the hind side of the third discoidal areolet, with distinct indications of two transverse veins, the one joining the fifth transverse vein, the other ending on the front areolet near the base of the second discoidal areolet ; a few minute testaceous dots on some of the marginal and discoidal veins; first transverse vein straight, very oblique, but not in the usual direction, parted by much more than its length from the second, which is much curved and almost upright ; third and fourth oblique, slightly curved ; third a little shorter than the fourth." " Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 80 lines." Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Hindostan (sic) (Stevens— Brit. Mus.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.). 7. Pomponia ransonetti. (Tab. VII., fig. 20, «, b.) Pomponia ransonetti, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 872 (1888). Head and thorax above ochraceous ; head with two converging black lines in front, and the anterior area of vertex (enclosing ocelli), the hinder margin of eyes, and a s.mall spot at same region, black. 'Pronotum with a broad, central, double, longitudinal fascia, on each side of which are two curved linear spots and a large oblique, semioval, linear spot on each lateral area, black. Mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia broadening at base into a large crescentic spot in front of basal cruciform elevation ; on each side of this fascia, starting from anterior margin, is a short curved fascia followed by a spot and again by a long, broad, and slightly curved fascia and a small oblique spot on each lateral margin black. Anterior angles of basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen above brownish-ochraceous and pilose, the segmental margins narrowly piceous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs ochraceous ; an oval fascia on face, a transverse spot on each side, posterior margin of head, a transverse spot on mesosternum, apices of the femora, and bases of the tibias, black. Abdomen beneath brownish-ochraceous, its base and apex piceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, with a pale creamy bluish reflexion, venation castaneous or fuscous ; tegmina with a small ochraceous costal spot at base of upper ulnar area, transverse veins at bases of second, third, fifth, and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a marginal series of fuscous spots situated on the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. The rostrum reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are small and widely separated. Long. excl. tegm. S , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 95 millim. Hab. — CEYLON: Colombo (Calc. Mus.). 8. Pomponia evanescens. (Tab. X., fig. 13, a, b.) Dundubia evanescens, Walker, Iris. Saund., Horn. p. 6 (1858). ORIENTAL CICADID&. 78 "Male. Pale testaceous, slender. Head with a black band, and with the usual black marks in front. Prothorax with two approximate black stripes, and with two black spots on each side. Mesothorax with nine black stripes, which are more or less abbreviated hindward, where there are two black dots. Abdomen with six stripes of black spots ; the second pair of stripes incomplete. Opercula nearly half the length of the abdomen." "Wings quite vitreous; veins pale testaceous. Fore wings with the marginal veins clouded by brown stripes, which successively decrease in length ; first and second transverse veins clouded with brown, very oblique ; first much longer than the second, from which it is parted by much more than twice its length ; third and fourth transverse veinlets oppositely oblique, slightly curved or undulating. Hind winga very slightly clouded with brown along the transverse marginal veinlets." " Length of the body 10 — 11 lines ; of the wings 24 — 26 lines." Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA (Brit. Mus.). This species is only known to the writer by the typical specimen contained in the collection of the British Museum. That specimen is here figured, and Walker's original description is reproduced. The only locality recorded is simply " Hindostan." 9. Pomponia pumila, n. sp. (Tab. XIIL, fig. 8, a, b.) $ . Body above brownish-ochraceous. Head with a spot on each side of front, some linear marks at area of ocelli, an inner fascia to eyes, and a marginal spot near base of front, blackish. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fascise and the incisures blackish. Mesonotum with a central longitudinal fascia, on each side of which is a short oblique fascia on disk, a submarginal fascia, and a spot in front of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, blackish. Abdomen with the marginal incisures and the margins of the tympanal coverings blackish. Body beneath ochraceous ; apex of face, margins, and some discal spots to sternum, base and apex of abdomen, and a large spot on outer basal margins of opercula, blackish. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous. Tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases of the first, second and third apical areas obscurely infuscated and with a pale, waved, fuscous outer submarginal fascia. The abdomen is robust and somewhat compressed above ; the opercula are small, wide apart ; the face is centrally and longitudinally raised and levigate, the lateral transverse striations being very profound. Long. excl. tegm. 15 millim. Exp. tegm. 41 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO : Borneo ; Elopura (Pryer — coll. Dist.). A single specimen of this small species was captured by my friend Mr. W. B. Pryer in March, 1884, and has thus remained some years undescribed. It is the smallest species of the genus with which I am acquainted. aa. Tegmina with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas, and the apex, infuscated. 10. Pomponia viridimaculata. (Tab. X., fig. 9, a, I.) Pomponia riridimaculata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 421 (1889). $ . Body above castaneous ; ocelli, eyes, and posterior margin of pronotum ochraceous ; mesonotum very dark eastaneous, with two obscure contiguous obconical spots at anterior margin ; face, anterior margins of head beneath, and legs, blackish ; apices of the femora ochraceous ; posterior tibite castaneous, their bases and apices blackish. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane pale castaneous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas, and the apex of the longitudinal vein defining the upper apical area, broadly and darkly infuscated, and a distinct u 74 ORIENTAL CICADID^E. bright green basal streak ; wings with the inner claval margin green, with a fuscous streak, the outer claval margin fuscous. Body elongate, the face very robust and rounded ; the rostrum reaching the posterior coxae ; opercula short, obliquely rounded outwardly, obliquely straight inwardly. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 52 to 55 millim. Exp. tegm. 135 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ABCHIPELAGO : Borneo, Kina Balu Mt.* (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). aaa. Tegmina ivith only the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated. 11. Pomponia scitula. (Tab. VII., fig. 19, a, b.) Pomponia scitula, Distant, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 456 (1888). $ . Head and pronotum ochraceous or olivaceous. Head with the striations to front and a spot at base of same ; inner margins of eyes, lateral margins of vertex and area of the ocelli black. Pronotum with two central sinuated longitudinal linear fasciae, two oblique linear fasciae on each lateral area, and the lateral margins and edges of posterior margin black. Mesonotum with five longitudinal black fasciae, the central crossing disk, on each side of which is a shorter one and a broad one on each lateral area ; between the two outermost on each side is a short black spot, and a spot of the same colour is situate in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above blackish, the posterior segmental margins and a short basal lateral fascia on each side ochraceous. Head beneath, sternum, legs, and opercula ochraceous. Abdomen beneath brownish-ochraceous, the base narrowly and tbe apex broadly blackish. Inner area of eyes beneath and the striations to face blackish. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; the first with the costal membrane and basal area of venation ochraceous, remaining venation fuscous, and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; venation of wings as in tegmina, ochraceous at base and beyond fuscous. The rostrum about reaches the posterior coxae ; the opercula are small, wide apart and obtusely angulated, and the face is robust and tumid. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 22 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 millim. Hab. — -CONTINENTAL INDIA : Upper Assam, Margherita (Doherty — coll. Dist.). BURMA: Teinzo (Fea — Genoa Mus.). TENASSEKIM: Meetan (Fea — Genoa Mus.). 12. Pomponia solitaria. (Tab. VII., fig. 17, a, b.) Pomponia solitaria, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 295 (1888). S . Body above ochraceous. Head with the eyes dark fuscous ; front with two central black spots on anterior margin and two small rounded black spots at base ; vertex with the area of the ocelli — which are red — a curved line before each eye, and a spot near each anterior lateral angle, black. Pronotum with two central black lines, united at base, and a black spot on each lateral margin. Mesonotum with the following black markings : — viz. three central lines, the central one extending across disk, followed by a shorter line on each side, and again by an irregular line which reaches nearly across disk, and a black spot in front of each anterior angle of basal cruciform elevation. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the first with the costal membrane and venation ochraceous, the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated ; venation of wings generally ochraceous. The rostrum reaches the apices of the posterior coxae ; the opercula are small, not reaching the apex of the basal segment of the abdomen. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim. Hab. — NARKONDAM ISLAND (Calc. Mus.). * Kina Balu Mountain is, judging from Mr. Whitehead's collections, a prolific entomological locality, and particularly rich in Homoptera. I have already remarked on the large number of "lantern flies" — Fulgoridce — found on this limited area (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 419). These eastern insular mountains have generally a great wealth in insect-life, i\s has been pointed out by Mr. Moseley on the summits of the volcanoes of Gunong Api in Banda, and on the one belonging to Ternate (A Naturalist on the 'Challenger,' p. 384), and by Mr. Hickson on the Huang Volcano in the Celebesian group of islands (A Naturalist in Celebes, p. 46). ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 75 This species was probably secured by the Hume Expedition of 1873, which visited this little-known island on the return from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and of which a good account has been given by Mr. V. Ball.* 13. Pomponia promiscua. (Tab. IX., fig. 14, a, b.) Pomponia promiscua, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 280 (1887). $ . Body' above greenish-ochraceous. Head with two small fuscous spots at apex of front and two wider apart at base of front, the ocelli also surrounded with fuscous ; the head is mottled with very pale ochraceous, and the eyes are dark castaneous. Pronotum with the margins pale ochraceous, an indistinct central fascia margined with ochraceous, with an obscure castaneous spot on each side, and four oblique incisions on disk, two on each side of central fascia. Mesonotum with two obscure central obconical spots margined with greenish, the lateral margins and the basal cruciform elevation of the same colour. Abdomen with the stigmata and the segmental margins castaneous. Body beneath ochraceous ; apex of the rostrum, basal and apical annulations to tibiae, apices of the tarsi, and penultimate abdominal segment castaneous. Tegmina pale hyaline, with talc-like reflexions ; venation alternately ochraceous and fuscous ; costal membrane and a small costal spot at base of upper ulnar area ochraceous, basal claval area greyish opaque ; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas slightly infuscated. Wings as tegmina, but unspotted. The body is moderately robust ; the abdomen broad, narrowed at apex. The lateral margins of the pronotum are slightly sinuated. The face is broad and tumid, with a central and very obscure levigate carina, but not sulcated ; transverse ridges not extending to apex. Rostrum just passing the posterior coxae. Opercula small, obliquely rounded, not reaching the basal segment of the abdomen. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 25 millim. Exp. tegm. 65 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra (Forbes — coll. Dist.). ENGANO^ (Doherty — coll. Dist.). This species was originally obtained by Mr. Forbes during his natural-history expedition to Sumatra, and the date of its capture was indicated as the month of March. It is probable. that the colour is, or often is, green, and not ochraceous, during life. 14. Pomponia thalia. (Tab. IX., fig. 4, a, b). Dundubia thalia, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 72, n. 84 (1850). Pomponia thalia, Stal, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866). Body above ochraceous ; head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous. Head with some linear streaks on each side of front, the area of the ocelli with a curved linear streak on each side and the inner margins of eyes, black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal black linear fasciae, united anteriorly and posteriorly, ampliated and angulated near anterior margin, and compressed and attenuated towards posterior margin, the lateral incisures also black. Mesonotum with seven linear black fasciae, the central longest and straight, with a short and inwardly curved one on each side, again followed by a longer and posteriorly outwardly curved fascia, beyond which is a submarginal fascia (these last were very faint in the specimen figured), and a black spot at apices of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen with a faint, obsolete, central fascia, which is only clearly visible on the two basal segments. Body beneath and legs pale ochraceous, with the following black markings : — face with a central longitudinal fascia, a transverse line between eyes and face, and the bases of the posterior tibia*. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous. Tegmina with an ochraceous and black spot at inner angle of upper ulnar area, and with the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuscated. ' Jungle Life in India,' pp. 403—406. f An island off the western coast of Sumatra. :i: < ' 76 ORIENTAL CICADID&. The face is tuinid and transversely striated ; the rostrum extends to the posterior coxae ; the opercula are short, but widely separated , with their posterior margins moderately convex. Long. excl. tegin. $ , 23 millim. Exp. tegm. 61 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (coll. Dist.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.). This species appears to be confined to Continental India. The typical specimens in the British Museum are unlocalised. 15. Pomponia translucida, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 7, a, b.) $ . Head, pronotum, and mesonotum ochraceous ; eyes fuscous, ocelli shining ochraceous. Abdomen above pale greenish, the disk infuscated ; beneath talc-like with a very pale greenish tinge, and with the segmental margins fuscous. Head beneath, sternum, and legs ochraceous. Kostrum with the apex black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous. Tegmina with the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated. The body is moderately robust, the abdomen narrowed and constricted posteriorly. The rostrum extends to the posterior coxae. The opercula are small, well divided, outwardly oblique, and slightly sinuate, their apices moderately convex. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Bxp. tegm. 70 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sulu Islands ; Jolo (coll. Dist.). The colour markings of this species alone render its determination easy. The absence of black markings to the pronotum and mesonotum, the talc-like appearance of the abdomen beneath, and the greenish base of the abdomen above in contrast with the ochraceous anterior portion of the body, apart from structural peculiarities, afford good specific characters. 16. Pomponia bindusara. (Tab. IX., fig. 11, a, b.) Pomponia bindusara, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 642 ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2n, vol. vi. p. 450 (1888) ; Atkins, J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 228, n. 63 (1885). $ . Body above pale ochraceous ; head with lateral margins of front bordered with black striae, and with two contiguous black spots on disk ; two oblique striae on lateral margins of vertex, and area of ocelli black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae, narrowed, joined, and rounded on posterior margin, widely divergent and terminating on anterior margin, a small curved fascia on each side of disk, and oblique striae also black. Mesonotum with a central fascia, a shorter and more oblique one on each side, followed by an elongate spot on anterior margin, and a long, somewhat broken, submarginal fascia, black ; two rounded spots in front of cruciform elevation, and two smaller ones on anterior branches of the same, also black. Abdomen somewhat thickly covered with pale pubescence, with a series of discal segmental markings, two large spots near lateral margins of third and fourth segments, and a lateral segmental row of small spots, black. Underside of body pale ochraceous. Apical disk of abdomen black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline ; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas, slightly infuscated. Face convex. Apical two-thirds with a narrow central sulcation, transversely striated, the striae black near centre. Kostrum slightly passing posterior coxae, its apex black. Opercula small ; posterior margins obtusely angulated, and reaching base of first abdominal segment, widened and obtusely angulated, but not meeting inwardly. Posterior tibiae with three inner and two outer marginal spines. Anterior femora with two long and prominent spines. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 87 millim. Hab. — BURMA (Gale. Mus.); Teinzo (Fea — Genoa Mus.). UPPER TENASSEKIM (coll. Dist.). ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 77 b. Tcgmina clear and, unspotted. 17. Pomponia dohertyi, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 9, a, I.) Head, pronotum and mesonotum dark ochraceous; abdomen pale castaneous. Head with the eyes fuscous, the area of the ocelli and anterior margins of vertex infuscated. Pronotum with a subobsolete central fascia, with a dark spot at base and apex, a short discal fuscous streak on each side ; the furrows and outer margins also infuscated. Mesonotum with two small central obconical spots, and some subobsolete fasciae on each side, and with two small blackish spots situate near the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, the centre of which is dark fuscous. Body beneath and legs dark ochraceous ; apex of rostrum and tarsal claws fuscous ; apical area of abdomen castaneous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline and unspotted, with a slight bronzy tinge; the venation dark oehraceous. The body is somewhat elongate ; the opercula tumid, convexly rounded and well separated ; rostrum not quite reaching the posterior coxae. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 75 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Upper Assam ; Margherita (Doherty — coll. Dist.). I have named this species after its discoverer, Mr. Wm. Doherty, to whom we are indebted for the knowledge of many hitherto unknown Cicadidce. B. Abdomen long; tympanal coverings largely developed. 18. Pomponia nigristigma. (Tab. IX., fig. 7, a, b.) Dundubia niyi-istiymii , Walker, List Horn. i. p. 57, n. 17 (1850). " Body dull tawny ; head much narrower than the fore-chest ; crown adorned with two black bands, which are arranged in an elliptical form ; face convex : mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers black ; fore-chest broadest near the base of the fore-wings ; scutcheon adorned with two black stripes, which are widened in front and with two black reversed C-shaped marks ; furrows black ; hind-scutcheon narrow in the middle, much widened and slightly angular by the base of each fore-wing, armed with two teeth on each side ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with four black stripes and on the hind border with four black dots ; middle stripes broad in front, united behind ; hind border very slightly excavated ; abdomen obconical, much longer than the chest ; hind borders of the segments adorned with black bands whose outlines are very irregular ; disk beneath and tip black ; opercula* dull tawny, large, nearly meeting on the back; drums tawny, small, not extending beyond the base of the abdomen ; legs tawny ; fore-shanks, fore-feet and tips of the shanks and of the feet black ; claws black towards the tips ; fore-thighs armed with two rather long black teeth." . " Wings very slightly tinged with brown ; veins black, tawny along the fore border, with the exception of the brand, which is black ; cross veins clouded with brown ; a row of very small brown spots on the tips of the longitudinal veins of the marginal areolets ; flaps brown at the base." " Length of the body 10 lines ; of the wings 28 lines." Hab. — MALAYAN AECHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Cuming — Brit. Mus.). I only know this species by the typical specimen in the British Museum, which is here figured, and Walker's original description (with some irrelevant details omitted) reproduced. P. nigristigma represents a distinct section of the genus. x -; Tympanal coverings as understood in this Monograph. 78 ORIENTAL CICADID^E. C. Abdomen short and robust ; tympanal coverings largely developed. 19. Pomponia kama. (Tab. VI., fig. 12, a, b.) Pomponia kama, Distant, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 648 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 228, n. 65 (1885). $ . Head, pronotum and mesonotum greenish. Head with the lateral sides of the front black ; vertex with two transverse lines on lateral margins, somewhat connected inwardly by a short oblique fascia and area of ocelli, from which proceed two narrow fasciae to posterior margin, black. Pronotum with a central black clavate fascia, of which the centre is ochraceous, widest and much angulated at anterior margin, narrowest and somewhat acutely pointed on posterior margin ; an arcuated narrow fascia on each side of disk ; oblique striae pale fuscous ; lateral submarginal striae black, and an oblique fuscous spot on lateral margins; posterior margin narrowly edged with black. Mesonotum with two large obconical spots margined with black, and a large /\ fascia in front of anterior angles of basal cruciform elevation. Tympanal coverings pale greenish, fuscous anteriorly, and bright cretaceous white near lateral margins. Abdomen castaneous ; lateral margins of basal segment bright cretaceous-white. Body beneath with the head, sternum, and opercula greenish; abdomen castaneous. Legs greenish; apices of tibiae and tarsi and the tarsal claws black. Tegmina pale fuscous hyaline ; anastomoses and apices of lateral veins at margin broadly infuscated, and a blackish spot near termination of radial vein. Wings pale hyaline. Face broad and convex, the centre blackish, and with a central longitudinal impression, and transverse striations. Eostrum with the apex black, and just passing posterior coxae. Opercula very short, not reaching base of first abdominal segment. Abdomen beneath deeply sulcated at lateral margins ; the disk somewhat gibbous. Head, including eyes, narrower than base of pronotum, about equal to base of mesonotum. Long. excl. tegm. S , 18 millim. Exp. tegm. 66 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : North India, Darjeeling (coll. Dist. — Calc. Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Java (coll. Sign.). 20. Pomponia pallidiventris. (Tab. VI., fig. 14, a, b.) P. (Oncotympana) pallidiventris, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 710, n. 2, Tab. VIII., fig. 21. " Pallide olivaceo-flavescens ; regione ocellorum, margine imo laterali verticis ad oculos, clypeo dorso apicem versus, vittis duabus angustis valde appropinquatis mediis vittisque indeterminatis tribus lateralibus disci thoracis, vitta media subpercurrente, rnaculis duabus oblongo-obtriangularibus anticis et vitta laterali prope illas, posterius abbreviata, scutelli, macula media segmentorum dorsalium duorum basalium segmentisque dorsalibus reliquis abdominis, femoribus anticis basin versus et apice, tibiis omnibus basi, anterioribus etiam apice, articulo ultimo tarsorum anteriorum, spina subbasali femorum anticorum apiceque rostri nigricantibus; tegminibus alisque vitreis, venis tegminum ante medium olivaceo-flavescentibus, hie illic nigris, pone medium nigricantibus, vena apicem areolse basilis terminante nigra." " <? . Segmento primo abdominis segmento secundo vix latiore, lobis tympana tegentibus olivaceo- virescentibus ; operculis transversis, distantibus posterius oblique rotundatis." " P. expanses, Walk., affinis, minor, capite angustiore, vertice oculis tantum dimidio latiore, fronte a supero visa latiore, jugis angustioribus, segmento basali abdominis maris utrimque minus inflato, venire olivaceo-flavescente, pictura capitis et ceteris differt. Caput scutello paullo angustius ; fronte a supero visa antice apice jugorum fere duplo latiore, obtuse rotundata, ab infero visa modice convexa, supra medium rugis transversis medio interruptis instructa. Thorax limbo postico angusto, marginibus lateralibus antrorsum convergentibus, levissime dilatatis, medio sinuatis, ante sinum in dentem parvum prominulis. Tegmina venis ulnaribus basi paullo distantibus, prima fere in medio inter aream basalem et stigma fureata, area ulnari interiore angustiuscula, apice oblique truncata, marginibus lateralibus parallelis ; area apicali octava saltern triple longiore quarn medio latiore, paullo ante medium latissima et hinc anastomosin ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 79 quartam emittente. Abdomen capite, thorace scutelloque simul sumtis paullo brevius. Femora antica spinis cluabus majusculis et una minuta armata. Latera thoracis interdum fusco-maculata. Anastomoses tres primae fusco-maculatse. Margo apicalis segmentorum dorsalium nigrorum abdominis olivaceo-flavescens." " $ . Long. 18, lat. 7£, exp. tegm. 63 mill." Hab. — MALAYAN AKCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). I ain indebted to Dr. Aurivillius, of the Stockholm Museum, for the loan of a typical specimen of this species, which is here figured. I have also considered it best to reproduce the careful and exhaustive original description of the late Dr. Stal. 21. Pomponia viridi-cincta. P. (Oncotympana) viridi-cincta, Stal, 6fv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1870, p. 711, n. 8, Tab. VIII., fig. 22. " Dilute subolivaceo-virescens ; vertice ante medium, jugis, margine apicali excepto, fascia subbasali maculaque apicali frontis, fascia basali genarum, loris, basi excepta, lateribus maculaque media clypei, vitta im- Fig. 2. Tegminum of Pomponia pressionibusque thoracis, maculis tribus a basi ad medium extensis, retror- viridi-dncta. Bum angustatis, maculisque quattuor in seriem transversam mediam positis scutelli, abdomine, vittis femorum anticorum, tibiis anticis, annulo- subbasali apiceque tibiarum posteriorum, nee non tarsis anticis nigris ; segmentis abdominis dorsalibus posterius olivaceis, anguste viridi-marginatis ; tegminibus alisque vitreis, venis olivaceo-flavescentibus, pone medium fuscis, macula anastomosium maculaque ad apicem ramorum ulnarium fuscis." " $ . Lobis tympana tegentibus convexiusculis, pallide subolivaceo-virescentibus, intus et postice fusco limbatis ; operculis parvis, reniformibus, distantibus, apice obtuse rotundatis, pallidis, extus basin versus anguste nigro-marginatis." " P. pallidirentri valde affinis, minor, vertice nonnihil latiore, oculis circiter duplo latiore, thoracis marginibus lateralibus inermibus, abdomine nonnihil graciliore et longiore, costa apice subincrassata et infuscata, area ulnari interiore apicem versus sensim subampliata, apice minus oblique truncata et angulo apicali minus obtuso instructa, area apicali prima breviore, area apicali secunda angulo basali exteriore obtuso, angulo interiore acuto, area apicali octava lateribus ultra medium parallelis, anastomosi quarta minus obliqua, longius pone medium areas octavte sita divergit Segmenta intermedia ventris apice viridi-limbata." " Long. 17, lat. 6J, exp. tegm. 51 mill." Hab. — MALAYAN AKCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). This species is quite unknown to the writer, but the figure given of one of the tegmina, combined with the differential characters as compared with P. paUidid'ntris, leave little difficulty as to its determination. 22. Pomponia expansa. (Tab. VI., fig. 13, a, I.) Ctirincta i.i-jiansa, Walker, Ins. Saund., Homopt. p. 26 (1858). Pomponia expansa, Still, Berl. Ent. Zeit. x. p. 171 (I860) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. Iv. p. 176, n. 60 (1886). Head, pronotum, and mesonoturn greenish-ochraceous ; head with the lateral strias to front, the area of the ocelli, an oblique broken fascia between ocelli and outer margin, and a spot at the inner margin of eyes, black. Pronotum with two central longitudinal fasciae, ampliated and angulated anteriorly, and rounded posteriorly, a central spot on each side of disk, the furrows and a spot on lateral margin, black. 80 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. Mesonotuin with two large obeonical spots starting from centre of anterior margin and connected by a central longitudinal fascia with the basal cruciform elevation, where it is broadened into a transverse fascia between its anterior angles ; the central obeonical spots are followed by a small spot and again by a long, curved, and posteriorly widened fascia, black ; two parallel linear black spots on disk of basal cruciform elevation, and a black spot on each side of same. Abdomen greenish-ochraceous, much shaded with black, the apical third and the tynipanal coverings almost wholly black. Body beneath with the head, sternum and legs greenish-ochraceous, the opercula and abdomen black ; the abdomen with a marginal ochraceous fascia at apex of opercula ; transverse strife to face, a line between face and eyes, inner margins of eyes, outer margins of prosternum, a central line to and the apex of, rostrum, spots to coxae and trochanters, linear streaks to femora, and the apices of tibiae, black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, .the venation alternately ochraceous ,and fuscous; tegmina with a small ochraceous spot at inner angle of upper ulnar area ; the transverse veins at the bases of second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a marginal series of small fuscous spots placed near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas; the costal membrane pale greenish. The opercula are moderately large, convex and overlapping at centre ; the rostrum extends beyoiid the posterior coxre ; the face has no trace of a central longitudinal sulcation. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 26 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA (Brit. Mus.) : Eastern Himalaya Mts. (coll. Dist.) ; Sikkim (Calc. Mus.). According to the writer's present knowledge, this species seeins quite confined to the North-Eastern area of Continental India. 23. Pomponia maculaticollis. (Tab. VI., fig. 11, a, b.) Cicada maculaticollis, Motschulsky, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxix. p. 185 (1866). Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous. Head with the transverse striae to front, the area of the ocelli, a larger spot at inner margins of eyes, posterior margins of eyes, and a transverse linear spot at anterior angles of vertex, black. Pronotum with two central linear fasciae, sinuated and ampliated ' anteriorly and posteriorly, a discal spot on each side, the furrows, two transverse spots on outer margin, and the extreme lateral and posterior margins, black. Mesonotum with two central obeonical spots, followed by some irregular markings on anterior margin, a large spot on each side of disk, a small rounded spot at anterior angles of basal cruciform elevation and two central lines on disk of same, black. Abdomen greenish-ochraceous, the tympanal coverings and more than basal halves of segments, black. Body beneath and legs greenish-ochraceous ; transverse strife to face, inner area of eyes, central line to and apex of rostrum, femoral streaks, bases and apices of tibiae, outer and posterior margins of opercula, and basal halves of abdominal segments, black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, veins ochraceous and fuscous. Tegmina with a small ochraceous spot at inner angle of upper ulnar area ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas infuscated, and a series of small fuscous marginal spots situate near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas. The opercula are broad, convex and overlapping ; the face has a faint central longitudinal sulcation, and the rostrum extends to the posterior 00x33. Var. a. — Differing from typical specimens by having the abdomen above ornamented by a transverse fascia of white pile situate immediately behind the tympana and widened at the lateral margins ; the abdomen beneath is also more or less thickly covered with white pilosity. The opercula in this variety are also totally black. Var. b. — In this variety the ground colour is ochraceous, and not greenish-ochraceous ; the black markings to the head, pronotum and mesonotum are also much larger and more or less confluent ; the ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 81 tympanal coverings are ochraceous, sometimes with black shadings ; the opercula are wholly ochraceous, and the fuscous markings to the tegmina much fainter in hue. Hab.— CHINA : Chia Kou Ho, 1700 feet (Pratt— coll. Dist.) ; Shantung (coll. Dist.). JAPAN (coll. Sign.) ; Yokohama (Bruss. Mus.) ; Tokei (coll. Dist.). Vars. a. and b. are from China ; car. a. was sent home by Mr. Pratt from Chia Kou Ho, and I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Leech for the possession of the same ; var. b. I received some years ago from Shantung, in North China, and also a single Japanese specimen from the collection of the late Mr. H. J. S. Pryer. Most of the specimens I have either examined or received from Japan, exhibit the typical appearance here described. 24. Pomponia obnubila. (Tab. VI., fig. 10, a, b.) Pomponia obnubiln, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 29C (1888). Allied to P. maculaticollis, Motsch., but differing from that species by the darker and more obscure hue of the body, the distinctly pale fuscous tegmina and wings, and by the length of the rostrum, which considerably passes the posterior coxae and terminates on the overlapping opercula. The head is also much narrower than in P. maculaticollis, and the opercula are unicolorous and more broadly and regularly convex posteriorly. Long. excl. tegm. 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: Simla (Gale. Mus.). Genus PSITHYRISTRIA. Psithyristriti, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 712. This genus is quite unknown to the writer, and S foil's descriptions and figures of both genus and species can therefore alone be reproduced. " Corpus oblongum. Caput disco thoracis nonnihil angustius, parviusculum ; vertice oculis circiter duplo latiore ; fronte modice tunescente, -in parte faciali rugis transversis medio interruptis instructs, parte basali faciei circiter dimidio angustiore, a supero visa ante juga leviter prominula et jugis nonnihil latiore ; clypeo apice imo anguste rotundato tectiformi ; facie apice angulurn acutum formante. Ocelli in triangulum aequilaterum dispositi, posteriores ab oculis quam inter se circiter duplo longins reinoti. Rostrum basin coxarum posticarum nonnihil superans. Thorax postice quarn antice multo latius, antice capite paullo latius, marginibus lateralibus carinatis, inermibus, pone medium nonnihil sinuatis ; limbo postico angustiusculo. Abdomen maris capite, thorace scutelloque simul sumtis longius, abdomen fcminae partibus illis corporis longitucline subasquale ; segmento dorsali primo maris utrimque pone tympana in lobum, tympana tota baud tegentem, ampliato, segmento dorsali ultimo maris apice utrimque in spinam producto et media lobo acute triangular!, ssepe segre distinguendo, instructo ; segmento ventrali ultimo maris obovato ; segmento dorsali ultimo ferninae apice in dentem acutum prominulo ; segmento ventrali ultimo feminffi apice versus medium sensim paullo producto et medio sinu parvo angulato instructo. Opercula parva, brevia, oblique transversa, subreniforiuia, posterius obtuse rotundata, distantia. Tegmina vitrea, nitida ; costa simplici, baud dilatata; costa venaque radiali contiguis ; areola basali basin versus ampliata, venam unicam ulnarem emittente ; areis apicalibus octo, octava basin versus angustata, apice vel pone medium latissima ; area ulnari interiore lata, ultra medium sensim ampliata. Alae areis apicalibus sex elongatis. Pedes mediocres ; femoribus anticis subtus spiiiis duabus niagnis, una nutante subbasali, altera erecta fere media, et interdum ante hanc denticulo obsoletissirno armatis ; tarsis, prasertim anticis longiusculis." " Genus structura tegminum maxime insigne, optime forte prope Pomponiam locandum." v 82 ORIENTAL CICADID&. Fig. 3. Psithyristria specularis. This genus, according to present knowledge, appears to be quite confined to the Philippine Islands. My collection is poor from that habitat, and although I have a fair number of Cicadidae from the neighbouring islands, I am without a representative ol Psithyristria, neither have I met with a single example in the other collections I have been enabled to examine. Stal has described five species, all discovered by Carl Semper during his sojourn in the Philippine Islands.* a. Angulo basali area ulnaris quarts subobtuso; arr/i npictili ortiini nn/nintn, basi ipsa paullo ampliata. 1. Psithyristria specularis. Psitliyristriit speculnris, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forb. 1870, p. 712, n. 1, Tab. VIII., fig. 16. " Pallide olivaceo-virescens, parce griseo pilosa ; fascia verticis ocellos includente, antice bisinuata, macula apicali jugoruin, marginibus arearum thoracis, maculis duabus magnis obtriangularibus a basi ultra medium extensis maculisque duabus minutis pone medium disci scutelli, rnaculis in series duas medias positis, lateribus apiceque dorsi abdoniinis, macula apicali alteraque anguli basilis anterioris areolse basalis, macula anastomoses cirgente rnaculaque apicem ramorum ulnarium tegminum includente fuscis ; venis tegminum alarumque olivaceo-virescentibus ; lateribus fuscis dorsi abdoruinis maculis pallidis notatis." " $ . Long. 23, lat. 8£, exp. tegm. 77 mill." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). "Magnitudine majore structuraque tegminum a sequentibus divergens." " aa. Annulo basali area ulnaris quarta acuto; area apicali octavo, minus angusta, a basi apicem versus sensim ampliata." '• b. Venis aream ulnarem tcrtiam apice terminantibus incrassatis vel medio nodosis, lineam rarfnin formantibus, area venam unicam emittente." 2. Psithyristria crassinervis. Psithi/ristrid crassinei-vis, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fiirh. 1870, p. 718, u. 2, Tab. VIII., fig. 17. " Pallide olivaceo-virescens, superne fusco-picta ; tegminibus alisque vitreis, venis olivaceis, hie illic virescentibus, anastomosibus maculisque subapicalibus fuscis ; anastomosi prima recurrente, angulo basali exteriore areee apicalis Fig. 4. Tegminum of Psithyristria secundie igitur obtuso, angulo basali interiore acuto ; venis aream ulnarem tertiam postice terminantibus incrassatis ; arese ulnari octava basi quam apice fere dimidio angustiore; areola basali lata." " $ . Long. 22, exp. tegm. 61 mill." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). * Several genera of terrestrial mollusca are also peculiar to the Philippines, as Chlorcea, Helicarion, and Bhysota. See Semper, ' Natural Conditons of Existence, aa they affect Animal Life,' pp. 284 — 5. ORIENTAL C1CAD1DM. 3. Psithyristria nodinervis. Psitliyrixtrin ii^lhun-ix. Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 718, n. 8, Tab. VIII., fig. 18. " Pallide olivaceo-flavescens, superne fusco-picta ; tegminibus alisque vitvtiis, macnlis subapicalibus obsoletis fuscescentibus ; anastomosi prima excurrente ; angulo basali exteriore areas apicalis secundae acuto, angulo basali interiore obtuso ; venis aream ulnarem tertiam postice claudentibus pjg 5. Tegminum of p»ithyrutrin simul sumtis versus medium sensim incrassatis, medio maxime tumidis ; area apicali octava basi quam apice nonnibil angustiore." '• Long. 18, exp. tegm. 50 mill." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). " Praecedenti valde similis, structura tegminum distincta." " bb. Venis aream ulnarem tertiam postice terminantibus hand incrassatis, bisfractis, area venas duos emittente." 4. Psithyristria tenuinervis. Prithi/rixti-M frnninervis, Stiil, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 718, n. 4, Tab. VIII., fig. 19. " Olivaceo-flavescens, superne fusco-picta ; tegminibus alisque vitreis, anastomosi prima fusco-marginata, rnaculis subapicalibus fuscis ; angulo basali exteriore arese apicalis secundaa acuto, interiore obtuso ; area apicali octava oblonga, apicem versus sensim. leviter ampliata." " $ . Long. 16, exp. tegm. 49 mill." Hab. — MALAY ARCHIPELAGO : Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). " Praecedentibus sirnillima, structura tegminum divergens." 5. Psithyristria simplicinervis. I'xithyristria simplicinervis, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 718, n. 5, Tab. VIII., fig. 20. " Olivaceo-flavescens, superne fusco-picta ; tegminibus alisque vitreis, illiri sordidis, anastomosibus exterioribus apiceque ramorum ulnarium fusco- maculatis ; angulo basali exteriore areas apicalis secundse acuto, iuteriore obtuso ; area apicali octava minus longa, angulo apicali exteriore obtuso." T ii Af\ -ii !> $ . Long. 14, exp. tegm. 40 null. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). " Prsecedentibus maxime affinis, structura tegminum divergens." ^. r>. Tegminum of Fig. 7. Tegminum of ij.iitiii/ri.-tna tiamUeinenit. Genus CRYPTOTYMPANA. , Still, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, i. p. 613 (1861) ; Hem. Afr. vol. iv. p. 6 (1800). Body long and robust. Head broad, more or less transversely truncate between the eyes, and including the eyes a little broader than the base of the mesonoturn ; ocelli about twice the distance from eyes as from each other; face slightly prominent above, moderately tumid and convex beneath. Pronotum with the lateral margins slightly ampliated, but not angulated or toothed. Anterior femora distinctly and strongly spined. Metasternum moderately elevated at middle, and furnished with a posterior pro. turning backwards. Tympana covered. Opercula varying in length and pattern, sometimes moderately 84 ORIENTAL C 1C A DID. I.. short, or in other species nearly as long as the abdomen, and in shape either convex, rectangular or more or less acutely angulated. Tegniina with the basal cell longer, but not twice as long as broad. The geographical distribution of this genus is comprised by the limits of the fauna treated in this monograph which thus includes all the recorded species. < 'r/ijitn/i/iiipaiia is a very distinct genus in the Oriental Cicadidae, the large size of its species and their usually sombre coloration at once attracting attention, while the metasternal process is an unfailing generic characteristic. Its nearest ally is the American genus Fidicina, in which Walker placed the species he described. a. Tegmina and icings infiwatcd. b. Opercula with their apices /nnjidated. 1. Cryptotympana fumipennis. (Tab. XI., fig. 4, a, b.) Fidicina fumipennis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 17 (1858). < 'ri/ptoti/in/>anii j'umipennu, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488. $ . Body above black ; eyes, ocelli, a central longitudinal fascia to pronotiun and posterior margin of same dark ochraceous. Body beneath black ; opercula very dark castaneous, in some specimens with their outer margins ochraceous. Tegmina and wings infuscated. Tegmina with a small basal black patch, the basal third and costal area brownish-ochraceous, the outer margin and venation dark fuscous ; the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated. Wings with about basal half brownish-ochraceous, inner and outer margins broadly dark fuscous, and with a blackish basal patch. The opercula are nearly half as long as the abdomen, sinuate externally, slightly overlapping at their inner basal margins, and inwardly concavely narrowed to apices, which are angulated. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 51 millim. Exp. tegm. 135 millim. Hab. — SIAM (Bowring — Brit. Mus.). MALAY ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra (coll. Dist. & Brit. Mus.). 2. Cryptotympana accipiter. (Tab. XIII., fig. 10, a, l>.) Fidicina accipiter, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 83, n. 8 (1850). Cryptotympanti nceipiter, Stul, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483. "Body black, short, broad, shining, partly clothed with tawny hairs; head as broad as the fore- chest ; face slightly convex, not at all prominent ; mouth black, reaching the middle-hips ; eyes not prominent ; feelers black ; scutcheon of the fore-chest furrowed, having on each side a tawny spot, which is different in size and shape from that of C. aquila; sides very slightly convex in front and behind, slightly notched in the middle part ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with a dark tawny spot on each side of the excavation, which is very slight ; abdomen obconical, a little longer than the chest, dark tawny 011 each side towards the base, and thence to the tip clothed with deep tawny down excepting a stripe along the middle ; under side tawny ; opercula large, black, close, tawny on each side ; drums tawny, large, more than half the length of the abdomen, irregularly triangular, narrow, pointed, and slightly curved towards the tips, adorned with innumerable pale ringlets ; a short black horn at the tip of the abdomen ; legs black ; four hinder thighs dark tawny beneath ; fore wings armed with two long black teeth." " Wings brown, adorned with purplish and copper lustre, blackish brown mottled with pale brown on more than one-third of the length from the base of the fore wings, and on more than two-thirds of the hind wings ; brands dark brown ; veins along the fore borders of the fore wings clouded with dark brown to the tips ; veins tawny, black towards the tips of the fore wings ; flaps pale brown, adorned with numerous parallel streaks, black at the base, dark brown along the fore border." ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 85 " Length of the body 21 lines ; of the wings 57 lines." Hab.— MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Cuming — Brit. Mus.). The typical specimen in the British Museum is the only knowledge of this species possessed by the writer. That specimen is here figured, and the original description reproduced. bb. Opercula very long, their apices very broad and somewhat convex. 3. Cryptotympana diomedea. (Tab. XI., fig. 3, a, b.) Fidicina diomedea, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 18 (1858). Cryptotympana diomedea, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483. $ . Body above dark castaneous ; head with the front, the area of the ocelli, and a spot behind eyes, black. Pronotum with the furrows black and four small central basal spots of the same colour, situate two near the anterior edge of the posterior margin, and the other two on its hinder edge. Mesonotum with four obconical spots starting from anterior margin, the two outermost largest, between the two central is a discal lanceolate spot, and a spot near each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen almost black. Body beneath and legs pale castaneous, with a central blackish fascia to face. Tegmina and wings palely infuscated, the venation pale castaneous; tegmina with the costal membrane and the basal cell castaneous, a small irregular basal blackish patch and the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas darkly infuscated. The body is very robust ; the opercula reaching the apical segment of the abdomen do not overlap, have their inner and outer margins almost parallel and their apices moderately convex, their inner and apical margins are also clothed with pale long hairs. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 48 milliin. Exp. tegm. 148 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Forbes & Bock — coll. Dist.). I have now been able to describe and figure a male specimen of this species for the first time, and also to fix its habitat, as Walker's description was only of an unlocalised female form. aa. Tegmina only faintly infuscated. bbb. Opercula long, gradually narrowing to apices. 4. Cryptotympana epithesia. (Tab. XI., fig. 5, a, b.) Cryptotympana epithesia, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii. p. 825 (1888). $ . Allied to C. diomedea, Walk., from which it differs by its smaller size and more hyaline tegmina and wings, but principally by the totally different structure of the opercula, which in the male of C. epithesia are narrowed posteriorly and are obliquely wide apart at apices, which about reach the penultimate segment of the abdomen. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 134 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Borneo (coll. Dist.). B. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline. Tegmina with basal third and costal area black or fuscous. 5. Cryptotympana aquila. (Tab. XI., fig. 9, a, b.) Fidii-inn aquila, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 84, n. 9 (1850). , Cryptot>jin]>imu nquila (an var. F. accipitris .'), Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488. <? . Body above black ; eyes ochraceous ; ocelli luteous. Pronotum with some indistinct discal markings and the posterior margin pale castaneous. Mesonotum with a central triangular linear fascia, on z 86 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. each side of which is an irregular and inwardly notched fascia, and the basal cruciform elevation, pale castaneoua. Abdomen black, the lateral margins fringed with pale castaneous pile. Body beneath very pale castaneous ; the face, anterior margin of head between face and eyes, and basal abdominal patch, black. Anterior legs black, the femera streaked with pale castaneous ; intermediate legs with the femora black streaked with pale castaneous, the tibiae pale castaneous with their bases and apices black ; posterior legs pale castaneous, the bases and apices of femora and tibiae black. Tegmina and wing pale hyaline ; tegmina with the venation and the costal membrane pale castaneous, the extreme basal margin of the last black ; basal third (excluding venation) and the subcostal area to apex, blackish ; wings with about basal half obliquely black. The body is robust, but moderately elongate ; the opercula do not overlap at their basal margins, and at a short distance from base become widely divergent and narrowed to apices, their outer margins slightly concavely sinuate and in length they extend a little beyond the middle of the abdomen. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 40 to 45 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 to 120 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA: Province Wellesley (coll. Dist.) ; Perak (Doherty — coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Sumatra (Ludeking — Leyden Mus. ; Forbes — coll. Dist.) ; Preanger & Sumedang (Bruss. Mus.). Borneo, Elopura (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). COREA (Belcher — Brit. Mus.). 6. Cryptotympana mandarina, n. sp. (Tab. XI., fig. 7, a, b.) Fididna operculata, Carreno (M.S. ??) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 90, n. 19 (1850). $ . Body above black ; eyes fuscous ; anal segment of the abdomen with an ochraceous spot on each side. Body beneath and legs black ; a spot at anterior margin of face, two marginal spots between face and eyes, lateral margins of face, femoral streaks, posterior tibiae (excluding bases and apices), margins of opercula, segmental margins (excluding disk), and apex of terminal segment, dark ochraceous. Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane castaneous, its extreme costal edge blackish, the post-costal area blackish ; basal cell black ; about basal third of tegmina and the subcostal area to apex pale castaneous. Wings with about basal half irregularly very dark castaneous. The opercula extend to about half the length of the abdomen, slightly overlap at basal margin, somewhat concavely and obliquely sinuate at outer margins, and inwardly beyond base widely divergent to apices, which are narrowly and obtusely convex. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim. Hab. — CHINA (coll. Dist.) Mr. Atkinson* states that "the Indian Museum possesses a specimen" of C. operculata, Carreno, but this is probably erroneous, as he writes that the species was recorded from N. India, though Walker — perhaps the greatest obscurantist who has yet appeared in entomology — gave no locality to the specimens he identified under Carreno's name, without any reference to the place or manner of their description. C. Tegmina with about basal third alone black. 7. Cryptotympana pustulata. (Tab. XI., fig. 10, a, b.) Tettiyonia pustulata, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 266, n. 11 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 20, n. 15 (1794) ; Syst. Rhyng. p. 87, n. 21 (1808). Tettigmia atrata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 267, n. 22 (1787) ; Ent. Syst. iv. p. 24, n. 28 (1794) ; Syst. Rhyng. p. 42, n. 44 (1803). * J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 231 (1885). ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 87 Cicada atrata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 755, n. 40 (1790). Cicada nitjra, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 750, n. 17 (1790). Cicada pustulata, Oliv. Enc. Me"th. v. p. 750, n. 18 (1790) ; Walk. List Horn. i. p. 118, n. 89 (1850). Cicada atra, Sign. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 406, n. 1, tab. 10, fig. 1. Fidicina atrata, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 89, n. 16 (1850). Fidicina bubo, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 82, n. 7 (1850). Cryptotympana bubo, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488. Cryptotympana atrata, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Pr. se'r. 4, vol. i. p. 618 (1861). Cryptotympana nigra, Stal, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 6, n. 1 (1869) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714, n. 1. Stoll, Cig. fig. 118. $ . Body above black ; eyes ochraceous ; mesonotum with two obscure central linear pale castaneous obconical spots, the cruciform elevation also castaneous. Body beneath black ; head with the central sulcation, apex and lateral margins of face, the outer and posterior margins of opercula, margins of abdominal segments, and some scattered sternal spots, ochraceous. Legs ochraceous, femoral streaks and bases and apices of tibiae black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, its extreme basal costal edge black, the post-costal area black; less than basal third of tegmina (excluding venation) black ; basal cell black, with an ochraeeous spot. Wings with less than basal half black. Body robust, but moderately elongate ; opercula not half the length of the body, their outer margins oblique and slightly convex, their inner margins strongly oblique to apices, which are broadly and obtusely angulated. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 125 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ABCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). CHINA (Gale. Mus., Bruss. Mus., coll. Sign., and coll. Dist.) ; Hong Kong (Bowring — Brit. Mus.). JAPAN (coll. Dist.). Considerable confusion has hitherto existed in the synonymy of this species. The late Dr. Stal was the first in his endeavour to clear its position, and in his ' Heiniptera Fabriciana ' he placed the species under the name of C. nigra, Oliv., with the Tett. pustulata, Fabr., as a synonym. This was owing to his not going behind the 'Entomologia Systematica, &c.,' of Fabricius, bearing the date 1794, but as the species was described in the ' Mantissa Insectorum, &c.,' of 1787, it clearly has priority over Olivier's description. Stal also correctly writes " T. pustulates America meridionalem incorrecte citat Fabricius." Under the name of Cicada atra, the late Dr. Signoret recorded this species as from Java,* a locality that at present must be accepted with some doubt. D. Tegmina with less than basal fourth opaque and blackish. 8. Cryptotympana corvus. (Tab. X., fig. 11, a, I.) Fidicina corvus, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 86, n. 11 (1850) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 231, n. 82 (1885). Cryptotympana corvus, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488. Fidicina invariants, Walk. Ins. Saund., Horn. p. 11 (1858). $ . Body above black ; eyes ochraceous ; lateral margins of the abdomen fringed with ochraceous pile. Body beneath black; a spot at basal margin of face, anterior femora (excluding bases and apices), intermediate and posterior femora and tibiae (excluding bases and apices), opercula (excluding basal margins or some basal streaks), and a broad sublateral fascia on each side of abdomen, ochraeeous. * Eev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 407. 88 ORIENTAL CICADID&. Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraeeoua and fuscous. Tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, its costal edge blackish ; postcostal area blackish ; basal cell and less than one- fourth of tegmina at base (excluding venation) blackish. Wings with rather less than basal third blackish. The opercula are about half as long as the abdomen, their outer margins oblique inwardly, their inner margins outwardly and slightly concavely oblique to apices, which are obtusely angulated ; basal margins slightly overlapping. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 45 to 47 millim. Exp. tegm. 117 to 130 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sikkim (coll. Dist. & Calc. Mus.) ; Darjeeling (Stockh. Mus.) ; Assam (Gale. Mus.) ; Sylhet (Sowerby — Brit. Mus.) ; Naga Hills (Doherty — coll. Dist.) ; Neelgiri Hills, southern slopes (Hampson — coll. Dist.). F. Tegmina with the dark opaque coloration, scarcely extending beyond basal cell. 9. Cryptotympana intermedia. (Tab. XI., fig. 1, a, b.) Cicada intermedia, Signoret, Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 407, t. 10, f. 2. Cryptotympami intermedia, Stal, Ann. Soo. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, i. p. 613 (1861) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 281, n. 80 (1885). Fidicina immaculata, Walk. (nee. Oliv.), List Horn. i. p. 90, n. 21 (1850). cT . Body above black or very dark castaneous ; eyes ochraceous. Mesonotum with two obscure central obconical spots and the basal cruciform elevation castaneous ; tympanal coverings dark castaneous. Body beneath black, somewhat thickly clothed with griseous pile ; femoral and tibial streaks, posterior tibiae (excluding bases and apices), and the opercula, ochraceous. Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane and postcostal area ochraceous, extreme basal costal edge blackish ; basal cell and basal patch (excluding venation) ochraceous. Wings with about basal fifth dark castaneous. The opercula are about half as long as the abdomen, centrally overlapping on their basal halves and then oblique to apices, which are obtusely angulated, outer margins slightly oblique and reflexed. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 44 millim. Exp. tegm. 127 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : " North East District " (coll. Dist.) ; North Bengal (Miss Campbell — Brit. Mus.). CEYLON (coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Java (Sign.). 10. Cryptotympana acuta. (Tab. XI., fig. 8, a, 6.) Cicada acuta, Signoret, Eev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 409, n. 4, t. 10, f. 8a. Cicada vicina, Sign. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 410, n. 5, t. 10, f. 4. Fidicina nivifera, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 80, n. 4 (1850) ; ib. iv. t. 1, f. 2 (1852). Fidicina acuta, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 81, n. 5 (1850). Fidicina bicolor, Walk. List Horn. iv. p. 1121, n. 85 (1852). < ri/jtotympana acuta, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. se"r. 4, i. p. 613 (1861) ; Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Fiirk. 1862, p. 483. Cryptotympana vicina, Stal, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 4, i. p. 613 (1861); Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 230, n. 78 (1885). Fidicina timorica, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. x. p. 91, n. 19 (1867). Body above dark castaneous or black; eyes and ocelli ochraceous. Pronotum with some obscure and subobsolete darker markings. Mesonotum with two central dark obconical spots, on each side of which is a longer dark fascia and a curved fascia in front of the anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen with a large lateral greyish-white fascia on each side occupying three basal segments behind the tympana. Body beneath dark castaneous ; the sternum thickly clothed with greyish- pile ; the opercula ochraceous, apical segment of the abdomen and anal appendage — excepting a dark central spot to each — ochraceous. ORIENTAL CICADIDJS. 89 Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous. Tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, the postcostal area blackish; the base, as far as extremity of basal cell (excluding venation), irregularly blackish; transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas infuse:1 (in the specimen figured the upper apical area is practically wanting), and a pale fuscous outer marginal fascia. Wings with less than basal third (excluding venation) blackish. Opercula more than half the length of the body, overlapping at their basal margins, the outer margins slightly concavely sinuate, the inner margins concavely and obliquely sinuate to apices, which are subacutely angulated. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 36 to 43 millim. Exp. tegm. 102 to 130 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA: "Bhutan Duars"* (Gale. Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Java (coll. Sign. ; Argent — Brit. Mus.) ; Kederi (von Hugel — coll. Dist.) ; Borneo, Sandakan (Fryer — coll. Dist.) ; Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.); Palawan (coll. Dist.); Timor (Wallace — Brit. M I have examined a typical specimen of C. vicina, Sign., which was kindly forwarded to me by my late friend Dr. Signoret, and I found it impossible to separate it from the figure of C. acuta given by the same author. The opercula of C. vicina shown by another figure are apparently not correctly pourtrayed, if the specimen forwarded to me as typical could be relied on, which coming from its describer should surely be the case. Under these circumstances I have felt no hesitation in placing C. vicina, Sign., as a synonym of C. nciiln, Sign. Dr. Signoret's figure of C. acuta is also much more brightly coloured than any specimen that has come under my observation. 11. Cryptotympana demissitia, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 11, a, 6.) $ . Body above very dark castaneous, abdomen almost black ; eyes ochraceous ; pronotum with the posterior and lateral margins paler; mesonotum with six obscure obconical spots on anterior margin, the two central plainest, and a curved fascia between anterior angles of the basal cruciform elevation black. Body beneath dull, dark ochraceous ; sternum thickly clothed with ochraceous pile ; face, space between face and eyes, the anterior tibiae and the rostrum blackish ; intermediate tibiae with the bases and apices blackish. Tegmina and wings hyaline with a very slight fuscous tinge, the venation dark, dull ochraceous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, the postcostal area blackish, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; the base as far as extremity of basal cell (excluding venation) blackish. Wings with the base very narrowly blackish. Opercula very long, extending to the apical segment of the abdomen, slender, divergent, with their apices subacute. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 42 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (coll. Dist.). The great length and peculiar structure of the opercula render this species very distinct. 12. Cryptotympana recta. (Tab. X., fig. 10, a, b.) Fidicina recta, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 79, n. 3 (1850). Cryptotij»u>ana recta, Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 488 ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beng. vol. liii. p. 230, u. 77 (1885). $ . Body above black, sparingly clothed with ochraceous pile ; eyes castaneous ; mesonotum with two very obscure and subobsolete central obconical spots ; body beneath black, the sternum thickly clothed with greyish pile ; legs blackish, intermediate tibiae and posterior femora and tibiae castaneous, streaked with black ; opercula ochraceous ; abdomen with a broad lateral fascia of ochraceous pile on each side. * This locality is given on the authority of Mr. Atkinson (J. A. S. Beug. vol. liii. p. 230. 1885). •2 A •90 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous or fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, its extreme basal costal edge black ; postcostal area black ; transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas darkly infuscated ; base of tegmina scarcely or only slightly passing basal cell (excluding venation) black; wings with less than basal third black. The opercnla are about half the length of the abdomen, with their outer margins concavely sinuate, their inner basal margins overlapping, and from thence concavely and obliquely divergent to the apices, which are subacute. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 41 millim. Exp. tegm. 110 millim. Hab. — CONTINENTAL INDIA : Sylhet (Sowerby — Brit. Mus.) ; North Khasi Hills (Chennell — coll. Dist.) ; Neelgiri Hills, South Slopes (Hampson — coll. Dist.). This species has considerable resemblance to C. corvus, Walk., also found in the same locality. C. recta, however, is smaller, the costal membrane of the tegmina has only its extreme basal edge black, and the basal black patch to the tegmina and wings is somewhat smaller than in C. corvus ; the colour of the legs, the shape and absence of black markings to the opercula are also different. 13. Cryptotympana facialis. (Tab. XI., fig. 11, a, 6.) Cicada fadalis, Walker, List Horn., Suppl. p. 80 (1858). Cryptotympana facialis, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1862, p. 483. Fidicina nigrofuscata, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxix. p. 185 (1866). $ . Body above black, sparingly and finely pilose ; tympana castaneous, basal abdominal segment narrowly margined with greyish-white pile, especially at the lateral margins ; eyes dull obscure ochraceous. Body beneath thickly clothed with greyish-white pile ; head, prosternum, lateral margins and a broad central fascia to abdomen, dull olivaceous ; anterior and intermediate legs dull olivaceous streaked with ochraceous, posterior legs ochraceous, femoral streaks and apices of tibiae olivaceous ; opercula bright ochraceous ; face with a central longitudinal fascia and the margins of head between face and eyes dull ochraceous. Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation olivaceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane olivaceous, the postcostal area blackish; transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas slightly infuscated ; base of tegmina not extending beyond basal cell (excluding venation) blackish ; vein beneath lower ulnar area reddish ochraceous ; wings with less than basal half blackish. The opercula are about half the length of the body, subovate, overlapping at their central basal margins, and their apices broadly and convexly rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 45 to 49 millim. Exp. tegm. 120 to 124 millim. Hab. — SIAM (Bowring — Brit. Mus.). CHINA: Shantung (coll. Dist.). JAPAN (Pryer — coll. Dist.) ; Eyukyu (coll. Dist.). 14. Cryptotympana sinensis. (Tab. XI., fig. 6, a, b.) i ri/jitoti/mpana siiifnsis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 415 (1887). 3 . Head ochraceous ; front with the margins (but not meeting at apex) broadly castaneous ; eyes olivaceous ; ocelli reddish-ochraceous, with their surrounding area castaneous. Pronotum castaneous, the margins and a central fascia, which is much widened and ampliated at base, ochraceous. Mesonotum ochraceous, with two large obconical castaneous spots near each lateral margin and two large, central, very obscure obconical spots, which are only visible by their slightly darker margins ; basal cruciform elevation pale olivaceous. Abdomen above ochraceous, the posterior segmental margins castaneous. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; face with the lateral carinae castaneous ; apices of the tibiaa and tarsi castaneous. ORIENTAL CICADID^E. '.)! Tegmina pale hyaline, the venation ocbraceous, the costal membrane pale greenish, and the basal third of the tegminal area tinged with pale ochraceous. Wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous, and the base narrowly tinged with pale ochraceous. The face is tumid, the lateral carinaa robust and slightly waved ; the rostrum extends to the intermediate coxae ; the opcrcula are somewhat short, with their lateral margins slightly concave and their posterior margins oblique, they overlap at the centre, and their apices extend to about the second abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 40 millim. Exp. tegm. 118 millim. Hab. — CHINA : Shantung (coll. Dist.). 15. Cryptotympana insularis. (Tab. XL, fig. 2, «, 6.) Cryptotympana insularis, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. v. vol. xx. p. 416 (1887). Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dark olivaceous ; eyes ochraceous, front with some basal black carinae on each side of lateral margins ; ocelli shining ochraceous. Pronotum with a pale central longitudinal impression with some short transverse carinaa at base, and with two oblique linear incisions on each lateral half. Mesonotum with two dark central obconical spots starting from anterior margin, and on each side of these spots is a smaller and more obscure spot ; a dark castaneous spot in front of the basal cruciform elevation, which is pale olivaceous. Abdomen above dark shining brownish olivaceous, the segments more or less clothed with pale pilosity. Body beneath olivaceous ; face with a central, longitudinal, levigate, ochraceous fascia, which is somewhat obliterated near centre ; rostrum pitchy and almost reaching the posterior coxae ; abdomen beneath brownish ochraceous ; legs with the anterior femora dark ochraeous, their apices and the anterior tibiaa and tarsi pitchy; intermediate and posterior femora brownish, the trochanters pitchy, the tibiae ochraceous, their apices and the tarsi pitchy, the posterior tarsi with a central ochraceous, annulation. Tegmina pale hyaline, with a very slight fuscous tinge ; venation and the costal membrane olivaceous, the first more brownish on basal half, and the transverse veins at the apices of the two upper ulnar areas infuscated. Wings resembling tegmina, both narrowly very dark fuscous at base. The body is short and broad, giving the species much the appearance of the American genus Fidicina. The opercula slightly overlap at the centre, and are obtusely and broadly angulated at the apices, which do not pass the broad basal segment of the abdomen. Anterior femora armed beneath with two strong spines, one near base and one near apex, Long. excl. tegm. $ , 36 millim. Exp. tegm. 115 millim. Hab. — ANDAMAN ISLES : Port Blair (Meldola — coll. Dist.). This is one of the insects secured by my friend Prof. Meldola during the " British Eclipse Expedition," of which he was a member.* 16. Cryptotympana limborgi.f (Tab. X., fig. 7, a, b.) Cryptotympana limborr/i, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 296 (1888) ; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 457 (1888). (.'ryptotympana recta, Dist. (nee. Walk.), J.A. S. Beng. vol. xlviii. p. 40, 1. 11, fig. 4 (1879). $ . Body above olivaceous-brown. Head with the lateral striations to front and a transverse fascia between the eyes black. Pronotum with two central, oblique, discal, black fasciae ; the posterior margin : We have during the last few years had a very considerable accession to our knowledge of the Natural History of these islands. Commencing with Mankind, we have the exhaustive and excellent ethnological treatises by Mr. K. II. Man (Journ. Anthrop. Instit. vols. xi. p. 2G8, xii. p. 69, and xiv. p. 253). The ornithology has been well studied, at and since the time of the Hume expedition, and the Khopalocera have been enumerated and described by Mr. Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 580), and Messrs. Wood-Mason and de Niceville (J.A. S. Beng. vol. xlix. p. 2'23, and vol. 1. p. 243). f Named after its discoverer, Mr. Ossian Limborg, who made a collecting expedition in the district east of Moulmein, Tenasserim Provinces. 92 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. olivaceous, with its inner border and the anterior margin narrowly black. Mesonotum with two central, obconical, black fasciae on anterior margin, between which is a very narrow and indistinct dark line ; on each side of the obconical spots is a smaller spot and a short oblique, discal, black fasciate line on each side near base. Abdominal segmental margins and inner area of tympana blackish ; abdomen laterally clothed with greyish pile. Body beneath olivaceous-brown ; anterior tibiae and tarsi, apices of intermediate and posterior tibioa and the tarsi blackish. Opercula olivaceous, with their inner margins blackish ; abdomen beneath dark castaneous, the lateral margins broadly covered with ochraceous pile. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, their bases blackish, the venation ochraceous or fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane olivaceous, the postcostal area blackish ; transverse veins at the bases of second and third apical areas infuscated. The opercula are short and suboval, their inner margins straight at base and then obliquely deflected to apices, which do not extend beyond the basal abdominal segment ; their outer margins are slightly oblique and convexly deflected at apices. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 32 millim. Exp. tegm. 95 millim. Hab. — TENASSEEIM (Limborg — Gale. Mus.) ; Myitta (Doherty — coll. Dist.). When describing the Bhynchota collected by Mr. Limborg in Upper Tenasserim the typical female, Crijtotympana recta, Walk., was alone known to me, and I then opined that the species I afterwards described as C. limlon/i might prove to be the male of C. recta. But when both sexes of Walker's species had been received, further doubt was impossible. Species Imoivn to the writer by the female sex only. 17. Cryptotympana exalbida, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 12, a, b.) S . Head, pronotum and mesonotum castaneous. Abdomen black. Front of the head, with the lateral striations black, vertex black ; eyes ochraceous. Pronotum with two central black fasciae anteriorly widened, a transverse linear mark at front of anterior margin, hinder edge of posterior margin and a short central transverse fascia to same, black ; anterior half of lateral margins white. Mesonotum with two central obconical spots, on each side of which is a longer spot and with a lateral fascia, black ; a black triangular spot in front of basal cruciform elevation with a slender prolongation extending to anterior margin. Abdomen sparingly clothed with fine griseous pile. Body beneath black ; sternum thickly clothed with griseous pile and a lateral fascia of grey pile on each side of abdomen ; face castaneous, the transverse striations and the longitudinal sulcation, black ; space between face and eyes, and spots to coxae, black ; legs castaneous, anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi black, intermediate tibiae with a sub-basal castaneous annulation, apex of posterior tibiae and base of posterior tarsi, black ; anal appendage with an ochraceous spot on each side. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, the postcostal area blackish ; basal cell ochraceous, with its upper half black ; extreme base of tegmina and a broad short streak on base of inner margin, black. Wings narrowly black at base. The face is convexly tumid and the rostrum only just passes the intermediate coxae. Long. excl. tegm. 2 , 32 millim. Exp. tegm. 95 millim. Hab.— CONTINENTAL INDIA : Neelgiri Hills, northern slopes, 3500 feet (Hampson— coll. Dist.). I am indebted to Mr. G. F. Hampson for four female specimens of this species, which I have hitherto refrained from describing, with the desire of firstly acquiring a male example. ORIENTAL CICADID&. \r.i Having, however, now described the genus, it becomes necessary to incorporate this sp. ••• which is very distinct, even in the female sex, by its small size, and by the iclm,' lateral margins to the pronotum. 18. Cryptotympana tondana. (Tab. XIII., fig. 13, a, b.) Fidicina tondana, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. x. p. 92, n. 20 (18G7). " Female. Green, very stout. Head nearly us broad as the thorax ; an irregular and much excavated black band between the eyes ; some transverse black streaks on each side in front, the intermediate space tawny and longitudinally striated ; some black dots near the hind border, which is also black. First segment of the prothorax mostly black-bordered, with a black stripe which does not extend to the hind border, and is between two irregular black stripes ; these are united on the hind border and are much recurved ; hind segment with a black triangular spot, which rests on the fore border. Mesothorax with four large obconical black spots, which rest on the fore border, the outer pair much longer than the inner pair. Abdomen black above. Legs piceous ; knees green ; fore femora much incrassated." "Wings hyaline, slightly cinereous; veins black." " Length of the body 16 lines ; of the wings 60 lines." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Celebes, Tondano (Wallace — Brit. Mus.). This species is only known to the writer by the female typical specimen contained in the National Collection ; the usual course of figuring that specimen and reproducing the original description is therefore again followed. ies unknown to the writer. 19. Cryptotympana immaculata. Cicada immaculata, Olivier, Enc. Meth. v. p. 752, n. 29, t. 112, f. 7 (1790); Sign. Rev. & Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 410, n. 6. Cryptotympana immaculata, Still, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. scr. 4, vol. i. p. 613 ( 1861) ; Atkins. J. A. S. Beug. vol. liii. p. 231, n. 79 (1885). This species seems to be most nearly allied to C. inti'micdio, Sign., but differs by the clear and unspotted tegmina and wings. It was recorded as from Java ; Mr. Atkinson included it in his list of Indian Homoptera through an erroneous identification by Walker. Genus CICADA.* Cicada, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 704 (1766); Amyot & Serville, Hist, des Hem. p. 473, u. 874 (1843); Still, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr. ser. 4, vol. i. p. 614 (1861) ; Hem. Afr. iv. p. 6 (1866) ; Dist. Biol. Centr. Am. Ehynch. Horn. p. 6 (1881). Subgen. Chremisticn , StAl, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714. Subgen. Macrotristria, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714. Subgen. Diceroprocta, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714. * "The word 'Cicada' has been derived from ciccum, a thin skin, and also from cito, quickly, and carfrrc. t. a compound suggestive of their being short-lived; while aditv, to sing, is stated to signify intrinsically a *oun-l produced by motion of a pellicle. A Cicada in ancient days was the emblem of music among the Egyptians and Greeks, and according to Polybius, its effigy was struck on the coins of races who claimed superiority in that art, as the Messenians in A: cadia, and Locrians in Italy" (A. H. Swinton, ' Insect Variety,' p. 24). 2 B 34 ORIENTAL CICADID&. Body robust and moderately long. Head broad with the front only moderately produced, including eyes about as broad as the pronoturn at its posterior margin ; ocelli about twice the distance from eyes as from each other; face moderately convex and tumid. Pronotum with the lateral margins moderately ampliated, but neither toothed nor spined. Anterior femora distinctly and moderately spined. Metasternum not or very slightly elevated, but not provided with a posterior process as in Cryptotympana. Tympana covered ; opercula of variable length, generally short, but sometimes about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, their apices broadly convex. Tegmina with the basal cell generally longer than broad ; apical areas eight, interior ulnar area slightly widened at apex. This genus has an almost world-wide distribution. In America it is well represented in both the Nearctic and Neotropical regions ; in the warmest parts of Europe it is not uncommon, and its name frequently forms the theme for song among the classical poets of antiquity ; the Ethiopian region possesses few species of Cicada ; hut in Asia it again becomes a somewhat dominant genus, and it is also found in Australia. I have described a fine species from the Fiji Islands,* and we may probably conclude that it is not generally absent from Polynesia. A. Tegmina spotted. a. Opercula extending to two-thirds or half the length of the abdomen. b. Abdomen ornamented ivith longitudinal series of whitish pilose spots. 1. Cicada leechi.f (Tab. XIII., fig. 2, a, 6.) Cicada leechi, Distant, 'Entomologist,' vol. xxiii. p. 90 (1890). $ . Head black ; the eyes, apex and base of front, and a triangular spot on anterior margin of vertex greenish-ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous ; the anterior, posterior and lateral margins, a narrow central longitudinal fascia, and two small basal spots ochraceous ; these ochraceous margins and spots more or less edged with black, the posterior margin crossed by three black bands — one central and one near each lateral angle. Mesonotum black, with two broken linear ochraceous obconical basal spots, the lateral margins and the basal cruciform elevation — excluding centre and apices — also ochraceous. Abdomen black, with two slightly oblique white macular fasciae on each lateral area ; outer margins of the tyrnpanal coverings ochraceous. Body beneath, legs and opercula dull ochraceous, the sternum greyishly pilose ; the lateral striations to face, the outer margins of coxae, inner margins of anterior and intermediate femora, and the extreme apices of tibise and tarsi black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation pitchy ; tegmina with the costal membrane pale greenish, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas broadly infuscated, and those at the bases of the fifth and seventh areas narrowly infuscated ; the bases of the wings narrowly pale greenish. The opercula are long, — about extending to two-thirds the length of the abdomen, — overlapping internally, their outer margins moderately concave, their inner margins slightly convex, their apices angularly rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 38 millim. Exp. tegm. 105 to 110 millim. Hab. — CHINA: Wa Shan and Chia Kou Ho (Pratt — coll. Dist.). Besides the bright and peculiar markings of this species, the unusual length of the opercula affords a very distinctive character for specific differentiation. * Cicada, Jturuduadua, Dist. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, p. 645 ; aud in Waterhouse, ' Aid ident. Ins.' tab. 100. t Named after Mr. J. H. Leech, to whose initiative the Chinese zoological explorations of Mr. Pratt are due, and to whose kindness I ani indebted for the Cicadidce thus collected. ORIENTAL CICADIDM. 95 bb. Abdomen not ornamented with longitudinal series of spots. 2. Cicada bihamata. (Tab. XII., fig. 8, a, b.) Cic/nla bih// mata, Motschulsky, Jjitudes Entomol. 1861, p. 24. $ . Head black ; a spot at base of front, the anterior marginal angles of vertex, and a spot a little before posterior margin of eyes, ochraceous ; ocelli and eyes dull ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous, its margins ochraceous ; a central black fascia containing a lanceolate ochraceous spot and with a wide basal spot of the same colour ; lateral margins inwardly and posterior margin inwardly and outwardly black, the posterior marginal angle and an oblique spot just before it also black. Mesonotum black, with two discal angulated ochraceous fasciae united at anterior margin ; the lateral margins and the lateral sides and angles of the basal cruciform elevation ochraceous. Abdomen above blackish castaneous ; apical segments centrally marked with ochraceous. Body beneath blackish, a spot on anterior margin of face, a marginal spot between face and eyes, lateral margins of the prosternum, legs, opercula and segmental margins, ochraceous ; legs with some blackish markings. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline. Tegmina with the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; basal cell almost — sometimes partly — black; transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and seventh apical.areas infuscated ; base of claval area ochraceous. Wings with the base narrowly ochraceous. The opercula about half, or a little more than half, the length of the abdomen, are divergent, with their apices broad, and convexly rounded, their outer margins concavely sinuate and black at outer basal margin. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 33 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim. Hab. — JAPAN (Pryer & Lewis — coll. Dist.) ; Tokoe (coll. Dist.). aa. Opercula short. c. Abdomen ornamented ivith longitudinal series of whitish pilose spots. 3. Cicada sinensis. (Tab. XIII., fig. 3, a, b.) Cicada sinensis, Distant, 'Entomologist,' vol. xxiii. p. 90 (1890). $ . Head and pronotum greenish ochraceous ; head with a broad black fascia between the eyes ; pronotum with two short narrow discal black fasciae near anterior margin and a black band across the posterior margin near each lateral area. Mesonotum castaneous, with a central tri-lanceolate greenish - ochraceous spot with the surrounding area black, a lateral black fascia on each side outwardly margined with greenish-ochraceous, the centre and apices of the basal cruciform elevation black. Abdomen black, with two longitudinal and slightly oblique macular white fasciae on each lateral area ; outer margins of the tympanal coverings ochraceous. Body beneath pale ochraceous, thickly clothed with greyish pile ; legs greenish-ochraceous. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish inwardly, fuscous outwardly ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous and its outer margin pale sanguineous, the transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas infuscated ; extreme bases of the tegmina and wings pale sanguineous. The opercula are short, not extending beyond the basal segment of the abdomen, convexly rounded externally, and slightly overlapping at their inner margins. Long. excl. tegm. $ and ? , 29 to 32 millim. Exp. tegni. 80 to 85 millim. Hab.— CHINA : Chia Kou Ho (Pratt— coll. Dist.). B. Tegmina clear and unspotted. a. Opercula about half the length of the abdomen. 4. Cicada coronata. (Tab. XII., fig. 11, a, b.) Cicada coronata, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. iii. p. 52 (1889). $ . Body above ochraceous ; anterior margin of front, a broad transverse fascia at base of head, extending between and behind the eyes, a narrow fascia near lateral margins of pronotum, and a small 96 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. central transverse linear spot at base of same, four obconical spots at anterior margin of pronotum (the central pair smallest), an irregular spot in front of cruciform elevation, and anterior margins of abdominal segments, black. Body beneath and legs ochraceous ; opercula ochraceous, with the lateral margins greyish and with a black spot at inner apical angles ; abdomen beneath with the anterior segmental margins, the apical segment, and apex of abdominal appendage, black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, the postcostal area fuscous. The opercula are long and overlapping at inner margins, their outer margins slightly concavely sinuate, their apices convexly rounded ; the rostrum reaches the posterior coxae. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 74 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Van Lansberg — Leyden Mus.). 5. Cicada ochracea. (Tab. XII., fig. 13, a, b.) FididiiK ochracea, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 99, n. 32 (1850) ; Stal, 6'fv. Vet.-Ak. Fdrb. 1862, p. 481. Cicada j.rnfera, Walk. List Horn. i. p. 115, n. 21 (1850). Dundubia. fasciceps. Still, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1854, p. 242. Cicada fuscipes, Still, Berl. Eat. Zeit. 18CG, p. 171.* $ . Body above warm ochraceous ; anterior margin of head black. Body beneath and legs much paler than above. . Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous. Opercula about half the length of the abdomen, their inner margins overlapping, their apices convexly rounded ; rostrum not quite reaching the posterior coxse. Long. excl. tegm. g , 25 to 27 millim. Exp. tegm. 70 to 75 millim. Hab. — CHINA (Stockh., Calc. and Brit. Mus.). FORMOSA (coll. Dist.). This is a very distinct and easily recognised species of Cicada ; the uniform ochraceous colour of the body, and the deep black anterior margin of the head, render specific doubt impossible. 6. Cicada tagalica. (Tab. VI., fig. 8, a, b.) Cicada (Chremistica) tagalica, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714, n. 2. " Dilute olivacea; fascia lata verticem fere totum occupante, fronte inter rugas, basi vittaque media exceptis, fascia genarum, loris, basi excepta, lateribus clypei, rostro apicem versus, vittis sex, lateralibus obliquis, disci antici thoracis, maculis quattuor oblongo-obtriangularibus anterioribus, lateralibus ultra medium extensis, lituraque litteram T reversam (x) simulante discoidali scutelli, dorso abdominis, apice coxarum posteriorum, vitta trochanterum, fernoribus anticis subtus, tibiis apice superne, tibiis anterioribus interdum fere totis, tarsis totis vel basi et apice nigris; tegminibus alisque vitreis, interdum obsolete subinfuscatis, veuis olivaceis, apicem versus obscurioribus, vena postcostali, raro ulnari, postcostali, interdum etiam costa posterius nigris ; segmento dorsali anali maris olivaceo-flavescente." $ . Operculis distincte nonnihil longioribus quam latioribus, retrorsum sensim distincte angustatis, apice subsemicirculariter rotundatis, prope basin contiguis, haud tamen valvantibus, dein sensirn divaricatis, olivaceo-flavescentibus, intus ssepius nigricantibus." "Long. 29, lat. 12, exp. tegm. 90 mill." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). I am indebted to Dr. Aurivillius for the opportunity of figuring this species, and I have thought it best to reproduce the principal part of Stal's original description. * Stal here refers to Dundiilia fuscipes, Stal, which is evidently a misprint for Dundubia ; fasciceps, Still. ORIENTAL CICADIDJE. 97 aa. Opercula not half the length of the abdomen. 7. Cicada pontianaka. (Tab. V., fig. 7, a, b.) Cicada pontianaka, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 298 (1888). Head and thorax above dark ochraceous. Head with the front laterally striated with black ; vertex with the area of the ocelli and the lateral areas black. Pronotum with two short, central, black fascia at base, which widen anteriorly to behind the eyes ; the posterior margin olivaceous. Mesonotum with two central obconical spots, between which is a central spot widened at base and a curved spot on each lateral area, all black. Abdomen above dark castaneous, shaded with pitchy suffusions and sparingly and palely pilose. Body beneath ochraceous ; femora and tibiae tinged with castaneous, — excluding apices of femora and bases of tibiae ; opercula pale castaneous, the margins palely pilose. Abdomen beneath dark castaneous, the margins palely pilose. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation dark brownish ; tegmina with the apical area shaded with bronzy reflexions; the costal membrane castareous, excepting apical half, which is black; base greenish, transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas narrowly infuscated. The face is somewhat flat and deeply transversely striate, excepting a central, longitudinal, levigate line ; the rostrum just passes the intermediate coxae ; the opercula do not extend beyond the basal abdominal segment, have their lateral margins somewhat straight, their inner margins very slightly overlapping, and their apices somewhat broadly rounded. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 82 millim. Exp. tegm. 97 millim. Hab. — MALAY PENINSULA : Perak (Doherty — coll. Dist.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Sumatra (Leyden Mus. ; Bock — coll. Dist.). JAVA (Piepers — Leyden Mus.). BORNEO: Pontianak (Bruss. Mus.) ; Kina Balu Mt. (Whitehead — coll. Dist.). SULU Islands : Jolo (coll. Dist.). The females of this species seem to be universally much smaller than the males. 8. Cicada germana. (Tab. VII., fig. 2, a, 6.) Cicada ijennana, Distant, Ann. Mns. Civ. Genoa, ser. 2a, vol. vi. p. 467, t. iv. f. 8, a, 6(1888). Allied to C. pontianaka, Dist., but differing by the much paler coloration, the abdomen above testaceous blackish at base, and with a somewhat obscure narrow central longitudinal dark fascia; tegmina and wings pale hyaline with bluish reflexions, the first with the costal membrane greenish, and the transverse veins at bases of second and third apical areas not infuscated as in C. pontianaka. This species also differs from C. pontianaka by the rostrum only reaching the intermediate coxae and by the more tumid and less strongly striated face. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 80 millim. Exp. tegm. 85 millim. Hab. — BURMA: Teinzo (Fea — Genoa Mus.). 9. Cicada polyhymnia. (Tab. XII., fig. 4, a, b.) Fidichia jwtylii/mnia, Walker, List Horn. i. p. 94 (1850). " Body ferruginous ; head nearly as broad as the fore-chest, adorned with two irregular and interrupted black bands, one on the crown, the other on the face, which is rather prominent and very convex ; mouth tawny with a black tip, reaching the hind-hips ; eyes prominent ; feelers black : fore-chest a little narrower before than behind ; furrows, sides and hind border of the scutcheon blackish ; hind- scutcheon pale ferruginous, nearly as broad in the middle as on each side, where it forms two obtuse angles ; scutcheon of the middle-chest adorned with three very broad obconical pitchy stripes ; hind border very slightly excavated : abdomen obconical, pitchy, longer than the chest ; hind borders of the segments ferruginous : opercula close, pitchy ; drums tawny, large, meeting beneath, less than half the length of the 2c 38 ORIENTAL CICADIDM. abdomen: legs tawny; feet and fore-shanks pitchy; claws black; fore-thighs armed with three pitchy teeth, two of which are large and one extremely small." " Wings tinged with tawny ; fore border ferruginous as far as the brand, pitchy from thence to the tip ; veins black, ferruginous at the base ; primitive areolet, fore membrane, flaps at the base and along part of the hind border tawny." "Length of the body 14 lines; of the wings 42 lines." Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Philippine Islands (Cuming — Brit. Mus.). The type of this species contained in the collection of the British Museum is alone known to the writer, and is here figured. 13. Cicada viridis. (Tab. XII., fig. 19, a, b.) Tettigonia viridis, Fabricius, Syst. Ehyng. p. 89, n. 28 (1808), excl. syn.* Cicada blmacidata, Oliv. Enc. Meth. v. p. 756, n. 46 (1790) ; Germ. Thon. Ent. Arch. ii. p. 7, n. 84 (1880) ; Germ. Silb. Kev. Ent. ii. p. 61, n. 13 (1834) ; Still, Berl. Eat. Zeit. x. p. 171 (1866). Cicada atrovirens, Guer. Voy. Coq. Ins. p. 182 (1880). Cicada viridis, Still, Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 6, n. 1 (1869) ; Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix. p. 325 (1892). Cicada (Chremistica) viridis, Stal, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 714, n. 1. Dundubia mixta, Kirby, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. xxiv. p. 128 (1891). $ . Body above dark castaneous. Head with the base and striations to front, a broad fascia between «yes, widened at ocelli, hinder margins of eyes, and anterior angles of vertex black. Pronotum with two central fasciae outwardly angulated anteriorly and posteriorly, and the furrows, black ; lateral and posterior margins dull, dark ochraceous. Mesonotum with a large semi-lanceolate spot, its base in front of cruciform elevation and gradually narrowed to anterior margin, on each side of this two obconical spots (the innermost smallest, the outermost broken), and the posterior lateral margins black. Abdomen with discal transverse segmental black fasciae, and with a large greyish-white tomentose spot on each side of the second segment. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale ochraceous ; abdomen pale castaneous, the margins of the abdominal segments narrowly pale ochraceous; rostrum (excluding base), anterior tibiae and tarsi, the apices of the intermediate tibiae, and a transverse fascia at base of abdomen, black. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation greenish and fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane greenish, the postcostal area blackish, basal cell nearly totally pale greenish, a small basal spot and the inner margin to clavus, black. The opercula are very small, overlapping at centre, and not passing the basal abdominal segment. Long. excl. tegm. $ , 30 millim. Exp. tegm. 80 to 85 millim. Hab. — CEYLON (Green — Brit. Mus.). MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO : Java (Guer.) ; Philippine Isles (Semper — Stockh. Mus.). This species has a superficial resemblance to the Australian Psaltoda harrisi, Leach. Species known at present by the female sex only. 11. Cicada elopurina. (Tab. XII., fig. 5, a, I.) Cicada elopurina, Distant, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 297 (1888). S . Body above castaneous. Head with a fascia across front, a spot near base of antennae, the area of the ocelli, and a spot behind the eyes black. Pronotum with two central black fasciae, the posterior margin more or less olivaceous. Mesonotum with two central, incurved, black spots starting from anterior margin, between which is a black fascia crossing the whole of disk ; beyond the central incurved spots is a * < 'Patria Americam meridionalein ineorrecti citat Fabricius." — Stal (Hem. Fabr. ii. p. 5). ORIENTAL CICADIDjE. 90 small spot on each side and a sublateral and somewhat indistinct black fascia ; a black spot in front of each anterior angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen above with the posterior segmental margins black. Body beneath thickly clothed with greyish pile ; face with a central black fascia. Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation very dark olivaceous or brown; tegmina with the costal membrane olivaceous. Long. excl. tegm. ? , 28 millim. Exp. tegm. 82 millim. Hab. — MALAYAN ARCHIPELAGO: Borneo, Elopura (Fryer — coll. Dist.). 12. Cicada flammata, n. sp. (Tab. XIII., fig. 15, a, b.) 2 . Head, mesonotum and abdomen black, the pronotum reddish-ochraceous. Head with a spot at base and apex of front, a spot at anterior angles of vertex and a spot behind eyes reddish-ochraceous ; eyes ochraceous. Pronotum with two slender central black fasciae, narrowed, angulated and joined posteriorly ; inner edge of lateral and posterior margins, outer edge of posterior margin and edge at lateral angles, black. Mesonotum with two central obconical spots, the margins of which are reddish- ochraceous; the cruciform elevation (excepting centre and angular apices) also reddish-ochraceous. Abdomen with faint traces of a double longitudinal series of white pilose spots. Body beneath dark castaneous, the sternum thickly clothed with greyish-white pile